# LearnPosters — complete index

> Every one of the 3500 posters, grouped by where it sits. Each is a free
> vector PDF; the page URL and the file URL are both given. Prose overview and
> licence terms: https://learnposters.com/llms.txt

Last regenerated: 2026-09-08

Format: `Title — page — pdf — what is on the sheet`

## By school year

### Pre-Kindergarten (ages 3–4, 50 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/level/pre-k

- Letter Aa — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-a — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-a.pdf — One large Aa with 1 picture cue. The letter Aa, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Bb — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-b — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-b.pdf — One large Bb with 3 picture cues. The letter Bb, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Cc — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-c — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-c.pdf — One large Cc with 3 picture cues. The letter Cc, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Dd — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-d — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-d.pdf — One large Dd with 2 picture cues. The letter Dd, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Ee — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-e — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-e.pdf — One large Ee with 2 picture cues. The letter Ee, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Ff — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-f — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-f.pdf — One large Ff with 3 picture cues. The letter Ff, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Gg — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-g — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-g.pdf — One large Gg with 2 picture cues. The letter Gg, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Hh — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-h — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-h.pdf — One large Hh with 3 picture cues. The letter Hh, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Ii — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-i — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-i.pdf — One large Ii with 1 picture cue. The letter Ii, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Jj — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-j — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-j.pdf — One large Jj with 1 picture cue. The letter Jj, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Kk — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-k — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-k.pdf — One large Kk with 1 picture cue. The letter Kk, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Ll — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-l — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-l.pdf — One large Ll with 1 picture cue. The letter Ll, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Mm — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-m — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-m.pdf — One large Mm with 3 picture cues. The letter Mm, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Nn — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-n — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-n.pdf — One large Nn with 1 picture cue. The letter Nn, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Oo — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-o — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-o.pdf — One large Oo with 1 picture cue. The letter Oo, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Pp — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-p — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-p.pdf — One large Pp with 3 picture cues. The letter Pp, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Qq — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-q — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-q.pdf — One large Qq with 1 picture cue. The letter Qq, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Rr — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-r — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-r.pdf — One large Rr with 1 picture cue. The letter Rr, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Ss — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-s — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-s.pdf — One large Ss with 3 picture cues. The letter Ss, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Tt — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-t — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-t.pdf — One large Tt with 2 picture cues. The letter Tt, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Uu — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-u — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-u.pdf — One large Uu with 1 picture cue. The letter Uu, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Vv — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-v — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-v.pdf — One large Vv with 2 picture cues. The letter Vv, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Ww — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-w — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-w.pdf — One large Ww with 1 picture cue. The letter Ww, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Xx — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-x — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-x.pdf — One large Xx with 1 picture cue. The letter Xx, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Yy — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-y — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-y.pdf — One large Yy with 1 picture cue. The letter Yy, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Letter Zz — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-letter-z — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-letter-z.pdf — One large Zz with 1 picture cue. The letter Zz, its sound, and pictures that start with it.
- Number 1 — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-number-1 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-number-1.pdf — One large 1 with 1 picture cue. The numeral 1, the word "one", and 1 things to count.
- Number 2 — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-number-2 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-number-2.pdf — One large 2 with 2 picture cues. The numeral 2, the word "two", and 2 things to count.
- Number 3 — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-number-3 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-number-3.pdf — One large 3 with 3 picture cues. The numeral 3, the word "three", and 3 things to count.
- Number 4 — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-number-4 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-number-4.pdf — One large 4 with 4 picture cues. The numeral 4, the word "four", and 4 things to count.
- Number 5 — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-number-5 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-number-5.pdf — One large 5 with 4 picture cues. The numeral 5, the word "five", and 5 things to count.
- Number 6 — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-number-6 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-number-6.pdf — One large 6 with 4 picture cues. The numeral 6, the word "six", and 6 things to count.
- Number 7 — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-number-7 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-number-7.pdf — One large 7 with 4 picture cues. The numeral 7, the word "seven", and 7 things to count.
- Number 8 — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-number-8 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-number-8.pdf — One large 8 with 4 picture cues. The numeral 8, the word "eight", and 8 things to count.
- Number 9 — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-number-9 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-number-9.pdf — One large 9 with 4 picture cues. The numeral 9, the word "nine", and 9 things to count.
- Number 10 — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-number-10 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-number-10.pdf — One large 10 with 4 picture cues. The numeral 10, the word "ten", and 10 things to count.
- Colours I Know — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-colours — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-colours.pdf — Twelve colour blocks with their names.
- My First Shapes — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-first-shapes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-first-shapes.pdf — Six shapes, drawn big, with the name underneath.
- My Five Senses — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-five-senses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-five-senses.pdf — See, hear, smell, taste, touch — one picture each.
- How I Feel Today — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-feelings — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-feelings.pdf — Nine faces with feeling words, for kids who cannot say it yet.
- Days of the Week — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-days-of-the-week — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-days-of-the-week.pdf — Seven days in order, colour-coded.
- Today's Weather — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-weather — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-weather.pdf — Eight weather pictures with words.
- Big and Small — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-big-and-small — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-big-and-small.pdf — BIG against SMALL, side by side. The first measuring word a child needs — and its opposite.
- Loud and Quiet — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-loud-and-quiet — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-loud-and-quiet.pdf — LOUD against QUIET, side by side. Sorting the world by how much noise it makes.
- Fast and Slow — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-fast-and-slow — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-fast-and-slow.pdf — FAST against SLOW, side by side. Speed, sorted into two piles a toddler can see.
- Parts of My Body — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-my-body — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-my-body.pdf — A definition and 7 facts worth remembering. The parts a small child can point to on themselves.
- Farm Animals — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-farm-animals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-farm-animals.pdf — A definition and 7 facts worth remembering. The animals on a farm and the sound each one makes.
- Fruit I Can Eat — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-fruit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-fruit.pdf — 18 entries in 3 groups. Fruits by colour, so choosing one becomes a game.
- My Day, In Order — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-my-day — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-my-day.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The shape of a day, drawn as steps a child can follow.
- I Can Do It Myself — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-k-tidy-up — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-k-tidy-up.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Six jobs a three-year-old can genuinely do alone.

### Kindergarten (ages 5–6, 50 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/level/kindergarten

- The -at Word Family — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-family-at — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-family-at.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Twelve -at words — change the first sound, get a new word.
- The -an Word Family — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-family-an — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-family-an.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Twelve -an words — change the first sound, get a new word.
- The -ap Word Family — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-family-ap — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-family-ap.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Twelve -ap words — change the first sound, get a new word.
- The -ig Word Family — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-family-ig — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-family-ig.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Twelve -ig words — change the first sound, get a new word.
- The -in Word Family — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-family-in — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-family-in.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Twelve -in words — change the first sound, get a new word.
- The -op Word Family — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-family-op — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-family-op.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Twelve -op words — change the first sound, get a new word.
- The -ot Word Family — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-family-ot — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-family-ot.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Twelve -ot words — change the first sound, get a new word.
- The -ug Word Family — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-family-ug — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-family-ug.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Twelve -ug words — change the first sound, get a new word.
- Sight Words — Set 1 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-sight-words-set-1 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-sight-words-set-1.pdf — A list of 10 entries. Ten words to know on sight: a, and, away, big and six more.
- Sight Words — Set 2 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-sight-words-set-2 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-sight-words-set-2.pdf — A list of 10 entries. Ten words to know on sight: funny, go, help, here and six more.
- Sight Words — Set 3 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-sight-words-set-3 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-sight-words-set-3.pdf — A list of 10 entries. Ten words to know on sight: look, make, me, my and six more.
- Sight Words — Set 4 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-sight-words-set-4 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-sight-words-set-4.pdf — A list of 10 entries. Ten words to know on sight: see, the, three, to and six more.
- Sight Words — Set 5 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-sight-words-set-5 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-sight-words-set-5.pdf — A list of 10 entries. Ten words to know on sight: all, am, are, at and six more.
- Sight Words — Set 6 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-sight-words-set-6 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-sight-words-set-6.pdf — A list of 10 entries. Ten words to know on sight: did, do, eat, four and six more.
- Sight Words — Set 7 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-sight-words-set-7 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-sight-words-set-7.pdf — A list of 10 entries. Ten words to know on sight: must, new, no, now and six more.
- Sight Words — Set 8 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-sight-words-set-8 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-sight-words-set-8.pdf — A list of 10 entries. Ten words to know on sight: ride, saw, say, she and six more.
- Number 11 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-number-11 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-number-11.pdf — One large 11, with the detail around it. 11 is ten and one more — the numeral, the word, and how it is built.
- Number 12 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-number-12 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-number-12.pdf — One large 12, with the detail around it. 12 is ten and two more — the numeral, the word, and how it is built.
- Number 13 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-number-13 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-number-13.pdf — One large 13, with the detail around it. 13 is ten and three more — the numeral, the word, and how it is built.
- Number 14 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-number-14 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-number-14.pdf — One large 14, with the detail around it. 14 is ten and four more — the numeral, the word, and how it is built.
- Number 15 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-number-15 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-number-15.pdf — One large 15, with the detail around it. 15 is ten and five more — the numeral, the word, and how it is built.
- Number 16 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-number-16 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-number-16.pdf — One large 16, with the detail around it. 16 is ten and six more — the numeral, the word, and how it is built.
- Number 17 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-number-17 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-number-17.pdf — One large 17, with the detail around it. 17 is ten and seven more — the numeral, the word, and how it is built.
- Number 18 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-number-18 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-number-18.pdf — One large 18, with the detail around it. 18 is ten and eight more — the numeral, the word, and how it is built.
- Number 19 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-number-19 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-number-19.pdf — One large 19, with the detail around it. 19 is ten and nine more — the numeral, the word, and how it is built.
- Number 20 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-number-20 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-number-20.pdf — One large 20, with the detail around it. 20 is two full tens — the numeral, the word, and how it is built.
- Alphabet Aa–Zz — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-alphabet — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-alphabet.pdf — Capital and lowercase side by side, with a picture cue.
- Counting to 100 — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-hundred-chart — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-hundred-chart.pdf — A 1–100 grid with every tenth number highlighted.
- 2D Shapes — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-2d-shapes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-2d-shapes.pdf — Nine flat shapes with sides and corners counted for each.
- Days, Months & Seasons — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-days-months-seasons — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-days-months-seasons.pdf — Seven days, twelve months and four seasons on one sheet.
- Butterfly Life Cycle — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-butterfly-life-cycle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-butterfly-life-cycle.pdf — Egg, caterpillar, chrysalis, butterfly — drawn as a loop.
- Frog Life Cycle — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-frog-life-cycle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-frog-life-cycle.pdf — 6 numbered steps. From egg to tadpole to frog — the change happens in water.
- How a Plant Grows — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-plant-life-cycle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-plant-life-cycle.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Seed to seedling to flower, and back to seed again.
- Living or Not Living? — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-living-nonliving — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-living-nonliving.pdf — LIVING against NOT LIVING, side by side. The test scientists actually use, in words a five-year-old can apply.
- Day and Night — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-day-and-night — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-day-and-night.pdf — DAY against NIGHT, side by side. Why it gets dark — and what changes when it does.
- Where Animals Live — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-animal-homes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-animal-homes.pdf — A 7-row table: Animal · Home · Made of. Ten animals and the home each one builds or finds.
- Words That Rhyme — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-rhyming-words — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-rhyming-words.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. What rhyming actually means, and how to hear it.
- Clap the Beats — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-syllables — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-syllables.pdf — A 5-row table: Word · Claps · Beats. Syllables, taught the only way that works — with hands.
- First Sounds — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-beginning-sounds — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-beginning-sounds.pdf — 16 entries in 2 groups. Hearing the sound a word starts with — the skill reading is built on.
- More, Less, Same — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-more-less-same — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-more-less-same.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Comparing two groups without counting them first.
- Where Is It? — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-positional-words — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-positional-words.pdf — 24 entries in 3 groups. The position words a child needs before they can follow instructions.
- Last Sounds — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-ending-sounds — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-ending-sounds.pdf — 16 entries in 2 groups. Hearing the sound a word ends on — harder than the first, just as vital.
- Counting by Tens — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-counting-by-tens — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-counting-by-tens.pdf — One large 10, with the detail around it. 10 to 100, and why every one of them ends in a zero.
- Ten Frames — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-ten-frames — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-ten-frames.pdf — 4 numbered steps. Two rows of five — the picture that makes numbers instant.
- Sorting Things Out — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-sorting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-sorting.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Grouping by one rule at a time — the beginning of data.
- Making Patterns — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-patterns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-patterns.pdf — A 5-row table: Name · Pattern · Say it. AB, AAB, ABC — the three patterns to master this year.
- Push and Pull — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-push-and-pull — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-push-and-pull.pdf — PUSH against PULL, side by side. The two forces a five-year-old can feel with their own hands.
- Sink or Float? — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-sink-or-float — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-sink-or-float.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A prediction, a test and a result — a real experiment in a washing-up bowl.
- Left and Right — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-left-and-right — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-left-and-right.pdf — One large L with 1 picture cue. The trick that settles it forever, plus where it actually matters.
- People Who Help Us — https://learnposters.com/p/kindergarten-community-helpers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kindergarten-community-helpers.pdf — A 8-row table: Who · What they do · Where. Eight jobs, what each one does, and where you would find them.

### 1st Grade (ages 6–7, 50 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/level/grade-1

- Adding zero — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-adding-0 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-adding-0.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Every fact that adds 0, and the shortcut that makes them automatic.
- Adding one — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-adding-1 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-adding-1.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Every fact that adds 1, and the shortcut that makes them automatic.
- Adding two — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-adding-2 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-adding-2.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Every fact that adds 2, and the shortcut that makes them automatic.
- Adding three — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-adding-3 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-adding-3.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Every fact that adds 3, and the shortcut that makes them automatic.
- Adding four — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-adding-4 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-adding-4.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Every fact that adds 4, and the shortcut that makes them automatic.
- Adding five — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-adding-5 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-adding-5.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Every fact that adds 5, and the shortcut that makes them automatic.
- Adding six — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-adding-6 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-adding-6.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Every fact that adds 6, and the shortcut that makes them automatic.
- Adding seven — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-adding-7 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-adding-7.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Every fact that adds 7, and the shortcut that makes them automatic.
- Adding eight — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-adding-8 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-adding-8.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Every fact that adds 8, and the shortcut that makes them automatic.
- Adding nine — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-adding-9 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-adding-9.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Every fact that adds 9, and the shortcut that makes them automatic.
- Adding ten — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-adding-10 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-adding-10.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Every fact that adds 10, and the shortcut that makes them automatic.
- Short A — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-short-a — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-short-a.pdf — One large a, with the detail around it. The short a sound, /ă/ as in cat, with six words to read.
- Long A — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-long-a — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-long-a.pdf — One large A, with the detail around it. The long a sound — the letter simply says its own name.
- Short E — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-short-e — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-short-e.pdf — One large e, with the detail around it. The short e sound, /ĕ/ as in bed, with six words to read.
- Long E — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-long-e — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-long-e.pdf — One large E, with the detail around it. The long e sound — the letter simply says its own name.
- Short I — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-short-i — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-short-i.pdf — One large i, with the detail around it. The short i sound, /ĭ/ as in pig, with six words to read.
- Long I — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-long-i — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-long-i.pdf — One large I, with the detail around it. The long i sound — the letter simply says its own name.
- Short O — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-short-o — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-short-o.pdf — One large o, with the detail around it. The short o sound, /ŏ/ as in dog, with six words to read.
- Long O — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-long-o — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-long-o.pdf — One large O, with the detail around it. The long o sound — the letter simply says its own name.
- Short U — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-short-u — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-short-u.pdf — One large u, with the detail around it. The short u sound, /ŭ/ as in bug, with six words to read.
- Long U — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-long-u — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-long-u.pdf — One large U, with the detail around it. The long u sound — the letter simply says its own name.
- The SH Sound — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-digraph-sh — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-digraph-sh.pdf — One large sh, with the detail around it. Two letters that make one brand-new sound — one sound: shhh.
- The CH Sound — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-digraph-ch — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-digraph-ch.pdf — One large ch, with the detail around it. Two letters that make one brand-new sound — one sound: ch.
- The TH Sound — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-digraph-th — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-digraph-th.pdf — One large th, with the detail around it. Two letters that make one brand-new sound — tongue between your teeth.
- The WH Sound — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-digraph-wh — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-digraph-wh.pdf — One large wh, with the detail around it. Two letters that make one brand-new sound — blow air out first.
- Hundred Chart — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-hundred-chart — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-hundred-chart.pdf — 1–100 with the tens shaded so patterns pop out.
- Number Line 0–20 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-number-line — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-number-line.pdf — A big 0–20 line with hop arrows for adding and subtracting.
- 3D Shapes — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-3d-shapes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-3d-shapes.pdf — Six solids with faces, edges and vertices counted.
- Telling Time — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-telling-time — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-telling-time.pdf — Clock faces for o'clock and half past, with both hands labelled.
- 1st Grade Sight Words — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-sight-words — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-sight-words.pdf — The 41 first-grade high-frequency words in reading order.
- Parts of a Plant — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-plant-parts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-plant-parts.pdf — Roots, stem, leaves, flower — each with the job it does.
- Doubles Facts — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-doubles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-doubles.pdf — A 10-row table: Double · Answer · Picture it. The eleven facts worth memorising outright, because everything else leans on them.
- Number Bonds to 10 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-number-bonds-10 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-number-bonds-10.pdf — A 6-row table: This · and this · make ten. Every pair that makes ten — the most useful set of facts in early maths.
- Fact Families — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-fact-families — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-fact-families.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. One triangle, four facts — addition and subtraction are the same thing.
- Odd and Even — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-odd-and-even — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-odd-and-even.pdf — EVEN against ODD, side by side. The pairing test — and why every even number ends in one of five digits.
- Tens and Ones — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-place-value-tens-ones — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-place-value-tens-ones.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why the 4 in 47 is worth forty, not four.
- Bigger, Smaller, Equal — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-comparing-numbers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-comparing-numbers.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The three comparison symbols, and the trick for remembering which way they point.
- First, Second, Third — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-ordinal-numbers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-ordinal-numbers.pdf — A 7-row table: Number · Ordinal · Short. Position words — different from counting words, and easy to muddle.
- What Makes a Sentence — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-sentence-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-sentence-rules.pdf — 3 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Three things every sentence needs — check all three before you stop.
- Nouns — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-nouns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-nouns.pdf — 16 entries in 4 groups. Naming words — people, places, things and animals.
- Verbs — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-verbs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-verbs.pdf — 16 entries in 3 groups. Doing words — and the ones that hide, like is and was.
- Adjectives — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-adjectives — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-adjectives.pdf — 16 entries in 3 groups. Describing words that tell you which one, what kind, or how many.
- Question Words — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-question-words — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-question-words.pdf — A 6-row table: Word · Asks about · Example answer. The six words that start a question — and what each one is asking for.
- Animal Groups — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-animal-groups — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-animal-groups.pdf — A 5-row table: Group · Body covering · Example. The five groups every animal belongs to, and the test for each.
- What Things Are Made Of — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-materials — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-materials.pdf — A 6-row table: Material · What it is like · Used for. Six everyday materials and the property that makes each one useful.
- Knowing the Coins — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-money — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-money.pdf — A 4-row table: Coin · Worth · How to spot it. Telling the coins apart by size, colour and edge, before any counting.
- Two-Letter Starts — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-blends — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-blends.pdf — 24 entries in 3 groups. Blends — where you hear both letters, unlike a digraph.
- The Four Seasons — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-seasons — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-seasons.pdf — A 4-row table: Season · Weather · What you see outside. What changes outside across a year, and why it repeats.
- Sun, Moon and Stars — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-sun-moon-stars — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-sun-moon-stars.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The three things in the sky, and how to tell them apart.
- Wants and Needs — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-1-wants-and-needs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-1-wants-and-needs.pdf — NEEDS against WANTS, side by side. The difference between what keeps you alive and what makes you happy.

### 2nd Grade (ages 7–8, 50 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/level/grade-2

- Counting by 2s — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-skip-counting-2 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-skip-counting-2.pdf — One large +2, with the detail around it. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 … the pattern and where it shows up.
- Counting by 5s — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-skip-counting-5 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-skip-counting-5.pdf — One large +5, with the detail around it. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 … the pattern and where it shows up.
- Counting by 10s — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-skip-counting-10 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-skip-counting-10.pdf — One large +10, with the detail around it. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 … the pattern and where it shows up.
- Counting by 3s — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-skip-counting-3 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-skip-counting-3.pdf — One large +3, with the detail around it. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 … the pattern and where it shows up.
- Counting by 4s — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-skip-counting-4 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-skip-counting-4.pdf — One large +4, with the detail around it. 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 … the pattern and where it shows up.
- Making Plurals — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-plurals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-plurals.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Most words just take s.
- Contractions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-contractions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-contractions.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two words squashed into one.
- Compound Words — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-compound-words — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-compound-words.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Two whole words joined to make a third.
- Adding -ed and -ing — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-suffix-ed-ing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-suffix-ed-ing.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Sometimes you just add it.
- The Prefixes un- and re- — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-prefixes-un-re — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-prefixes-un-re.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. A prefix goes on the front and changes the meaning, not the spelling.
- Vowel Teams — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-vowel-teams — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-vowel-teams.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two vowels together usually say one long sound: the first vowel's name.
- Bossy R — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-r-controlled — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-r-controlled.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. When r follows a vowel it takes over.
- Silent E — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-silent-e — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-silent-e.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. An e on the end says nothing, but makes the vowel before it say its name.
- Place Value to Hundreds — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-place-value — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-place-value.pdf — Hundreds, tens and ones with blocks, words and expanded form.
- Addition & Subtraction Facts — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-addition-facts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-addition-facts.pdf — A 0–12 grid plus the fact-family triangles that link + and −.
- Coins & Money — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-money — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-money.pdf — Every coin with its value, and how the coins swap for each other.
- Time to 5 Minutes — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-telling-time — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-telling-time.pdf — A clock with all five-minute marks, plus quarter-past and quarter-to.
- Blends & Digraphs — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-blends-digraphs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-blends-digraphs.pdf — Two-letter starts and the sh/ch/th/wh sounds, with an example each.
- Parts of Speech — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-parts-of-speech — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-parts-of-speech.pdf — Nouns, verbs, adjectives and pronouns explained in kid language.
- Punctuation Marks — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-punctuation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-punctuation.pdf — Six marks with what each one tells your voice to do.
- Solid, Liquid, Gas — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-states-of-matter — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-states-of-matter.pdf — The three states with particle pictures and everyday examples.
- Adding with Regrouping — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-adding-regrouping — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-adding-regrouping.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. When the ones column goes over nine, ten of them become one ten.
- Subtracting with Regrouping — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-subtracting-regrouping — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-subtracting-regrouping.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. When the top digit is too small, borrow a ten and break it into ones.
- Arrays and Repeated Addition — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-arrays — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-arrays.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Rows and columns — the picture that turns adding into multiplying.
- Halves, Thirds and Quarters — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-fractions-halves — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-fractions-halves.pdf — A FRACTION against NOT A FRACTION, side by side. Equal parts — and why 'equal' is the word that matters most.
- Measuring Length — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-measuring-length — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-measuring-length.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Choosing the unit, and the rules that make a measurement trustworthy.
- Reading a Graph — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-graphs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-graphs.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Picture graphs and bar graphs — and the four questions to ask of any of them.
- Common and Proper Nouns — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-common-proper-nouns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-common-proper-nouns.pdf — COMMON NOUN against PROPER NOUN, side by side. Which nouns get a capital letter, and which never do.
- Past and Present Verbs — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-past-present-verbs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-past-present-verbs.pdf — A 7-row table: Now · Yesterday · Regular?. When it happened, and the irregular verbs that break every rule.
- Synonyms and Antonyms — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-synonyms-antonyms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-synonyms-antonyms.pdf — A 6-row table: Word · Synonym · Antonym. Words that mean the same, and words that mean the opposite.
- Food Chains — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-food-chains — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-food-chains.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Who eats whom — and which way the arrows really point.
- Habitats — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-habitats — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-habitats.pdf — A 6-row table: Habitat · What it is like · Who lives there. Six places animals live, and what each one provides.
- Magnets — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-magnets — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-magnets.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What sticks, what does not, and the rule about poles.
- Weather Tools — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-weather-tools — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-weather-tools.pdf — A 5-row table: Tool · Measures · Unit. The five instruments, what each one measures, and its unit.
- Life Cycle of a Chicken — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-life-cycle-chicken — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-life-cycle-chicken.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Egg to chick to hen — 21 days from start to hatching.
- Maps and Globes — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-maps-and-globes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-maps-and-globes.pdf — MAP against GLOBE, side by side. Two ways of showing the world, and what each is good for.
- Landforms — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-landforms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-landforms.pdf — A 8-row table: Landform · What it is. Ten shapes the land makes, defined in one line each.
- Past, Present, Future — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-past-present-future — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-past-present-future.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How a timeline works, and where 'now' sits on it.
- Apostrophes That Show Belonging — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-apostrophe-possession — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-apostrophe-possession.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The apostrophe that says something belongs to someone, and where it goes.
- Part, Part, Whole — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-part-part-whole — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-part-part-whole.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. The bar model that turns a word problem into a picture.
- Making Ten to Add — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-making-ten — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-making-ten.pdf — 3 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The mental trick that beats counting on fingers every time.
- Comparing Bigger Numbers — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-comparing-3-digit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-comparing-3-digit.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Compare from the left, and stop at the first difference.
- am and pm — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-am-and-pm — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-am-and-pm.pdf — am against pm, side by side. Two halves of the day, and the two moments that trip everyone up.
- Days in Each Month — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-days-in-months — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-days-in-months.pdf — A 7-row table: Month · Days · Knuckle?. The knuckle trick, and the rule for February.
- Rocks and Soil — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-rocks-and-soil — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-rocks-and-soil.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Where soil comes from, and the three kinds of rock.
- How Sound Works — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-sound — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-sound.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Vibration, travel, and why you cannot hear anything in space.
- My Community — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-my-community — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-my-community.pdf — A 8-row table: Place · What happens there. The places in a town and what each one is for.
- Being a Good Citizen — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-good-citizen — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-good-citizen.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Six things that make a place better for everybody in it.
- Number Line to 100 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-number-line-100 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-number-line-100.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Rounding, jumping and estimating on a line marked only in tens.
- Saving and Spending — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-2-saving-and-spending — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-2-saving-and-spending.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Where money goes, and why waiting sometimes gets you more.

### 3rd Grade (ages 8–9, 50 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/level/grade-3

- The 1 Times Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-times-table-1 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-times-table-1.pdf — A 12-row table: Fact · = · Same fact. Every fact in the 1 times table, with the shortcut and the two hard ones.
- The 2 Times Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-times-table-2 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-times-table-2.pdf — A 12-row table: Fact · = · Same fact. Every fact in the 2 times table, with the shortcut and the two hard ones.
- The 3 Times Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-times-table-3 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-times-table-3.pdf — A 12-row table: Fact · = · Same fact. Every fact in the 3 times table, with the shortcut and the two hard ones.
- The 4 Times Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-times-table-4 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-times-table-4.pdf — A 12-row table: Fact · = · Same fact. Every fact in the 4 times table, with the shortcut and the two hard ones.
- The 5 Times Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-times-table-5 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-times-table-5.pdf — A 12-row table: Fact · = · Same fact. Every fact in the 5 times table, with the shortcut and the two hard ones.
- The 6 Times Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-times-table-6 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-times-table-6.pdf — A 12-row table: Fact · = · Same fact. Every fact in the 6 times table, with the shortcut and the two hard ones.
- The 7 Times Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-times-table-7 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-times-table-7.pdf — A 12-row table: Fact · = · Same fact. Every fact in the 7 times table, with the shortcut and the two hard ones.
- The 8 Times Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-times-table-8 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-times-table-8.pdf — A 12-row table: Fact · = · Same fact. Every fact in the 8 times table, with the shortcut and the two hard ones.
- The 9 Times Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-times-table-9 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-times-table-9.pdf — A 12-row table: Fact · = · Same fact. Every fact in the 9 times table, with the shortcut and the two hard ones.
- The 10 Times Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-times-table-10 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-times-table-10.pdf — A 12-row table: Fact · = · Same fact. Every fact in the 10 times table, with the shortcut and the two hard ones.
- The 11 Times Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-times-table-11 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-times-table-11.pdf — A 12-row table: Fact · = · Same fact. Every fact in the 11 times table, with the shortcut and the two hard ones.
- The 12 Times Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-times-table-12 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-times-table-12.pdf — A 12-row table: Fact · = · Same fact. Every fact in the 12 times table, with the shortcut and the two hard ones.
- Multiplication Chart 1–12 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-multiplication-chart — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-multiplication-chart.pdf — The full 12×12 grid with the square numbers picked out down the diagonal.
- Fraction Wall — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-fraction-wall — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-fraction-wall.pdf — Whole down to twelfths as stacked bars — you can see why 1/4 beats 1/6.
- Place Value to Hundred Thousands — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-place-value — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-place-value.pdf — Six columns with periods, commas and how to say the number out loud.
- Measurement Chart — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-measurement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-measurement.pdf — Length, mass and capacity in both systems, with a real object for scale.
- The 8 Parts of Speech — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-parts-of-speech — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-parts-of-speech.pdf — All eight, each with a definition and a sentence showing it at work.
- The Writing Process — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-writing-process — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-writing-process.pdf — Plan, draft, revise, edit, publish — with what to actually do at each step.
- The Water Cycle — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-water-cycle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-water-cycle.pdf — The four stages water moves through, drawn as one landscape.
- Continents & Oceans — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-continents-oceans — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-continents-oceans.pdf — A world map with all seven continents and five oceans labelled.
- Multiplication Properties — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-multiplication-properties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-multiplication-properties.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Four rules that cut how many facts you actually have to learn.
- Division Is Sharing — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-division-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-division-basics.pdf — SHARING against GROUPING, side by side. Two ways to read a division, and why both give the same answer.
- Rounding — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-rounding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-rounding.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Which ten, which hundred — and the only digit you need to look at.
- Area and Perimeter — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-area-perimeter — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-area-perimeter.pdf — PERIMETER against AREA, side by side. The fence and the grass — two measurements people constantly swap.
- Fractions on a Number Line — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-fractions-number-line — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-fractions-number-line.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Fractions are numbers, and each one has a home between 0 and 1.
- Equivalent Fractions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-equivalent-fractions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-equivalent-fractions.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Different numbers, exactly the same amount.
- Working Out Elapsed Time — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-elapsed-time — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-elapsed-time.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How long something took — counted in friendly jumps, not by subtracting.
- Homophones — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-homophones — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-homophones.pdf — A 7-row table: Word · Means · Word · Means. Words that sound identical and mean completely different things.
- Main Idea and Details — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-main-idea — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-main-idea.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The one sentence a paragraph is about, and the sentences that hold it up.
- Fact or Opinion? — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-fact-opinion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-fact-opinion.pdf — FACT against OPINION, side by side. One can be checked. The other cannot. Telling them apart is a life skill.
- Working Out a New Word — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-context-clues — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-context-clues.pdf — A 4-row table: Clue · How to spot it · Example. Four kinds of clue writers leave, so you can read on instead of stopping.
- Using a Dictionary — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-dictionary-skills — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-dictionary-skills.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Guide words, alphabetical order, and everything an entry tells you.
- Text Features — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-text-features — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-text-features.pdf — A 8-row table: Feature · What it does. The parts of a non-fiction page that are not the paragraphs.
- Four Kinds of Sentence — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-sentence-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-sentence-types.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · Job · Ends with · Example. What the sentence is doing, and the mark it ends with.
- Punctuating Speech — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-dialogue-punctuation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-dialogue-punctuation.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Where the quotation marks go, and the comma nearly everyone forgets.
- Prefixes — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-prefixes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-prefixes.pdf — A 8-row table: Prefix · Means · Example. Ten word-beginnings that unlock hundreds of words.
- Suffixes — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-suffixes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-suffixes.pdf — A 8-row table: Suffix · Means · Example. Ten word-endings, what each does, and how it changes the word's job.
- Simple Machines — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-simple-machines — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-simple-machines.pdf — A 6-row table: Machine · What it does · Where you see it. Six machines that make work easier, and where you have used each one.
- Forces and Motion — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-forces-motion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-forces-motion.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What a force does, and the one that stops everything eventually.
- Adaptations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-adaptations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-adaptations.pdf — A 6-row table: Animal · Adaptation · Why it helps. Body parts and behaviours that fit an animal to its home.
- Inside the Earth — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-earths-layers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-earths-layers.pdf — A 4-row table: Layer · What it is like · Roughly. Four layers, from the rock under your feet to the solid centre.
- Directions on a Map — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-cardinal-directions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-cardinal-directions.pdf — 4 numbered steps. The four cardinal points, the four between them, and how to use them.
- Three Kinds of Community — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-communities — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-communities.pdf — A 3-row table: Type · What it looks like · Getting around. Urban, suburban and rural — what actually differs between them.
- Goods and Services — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-goods-services — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-goods-services.pdf — GOODS against SERVICES, side by side. Things you can hold, and work someone does for you.
- Multiplying by 10 and 100 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-multiplying-by-10-100 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-multiplying-by-10-100.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why the zeros appear — and why 'just add a zero' stops working later.
- Quadrilaterals — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-quadrilaterals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-quadrilaterals.pdf — A 6-row table: Shape · Sides · Angles. Six four-sided shapes, and why a square is also a rectangle.
- Right, Acute, Obtuse — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-angles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-angles.pdf — A 4-row table: Angle · Size · How to spot it. Three sizes of angle, measured against the corner of a page.
- Which Operation? — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-choosing-operation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-choosing-operation.pdf — A 4-row table: What is happening · Operation · Signal. The four questions that tell you whether to add, subtract, multiply or divide.
- Line Plots — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-line-plots — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-line-plots.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A dot for every measurement — the graph that shows where data clumps.
- What Living Things Need — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-3-plant-animal-cells-intro — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-3-plant-animal-cells-intro.pdf — PLANTS NEED against ANIMALS NEED, side by side. The five needs shared by every living thing, plant or animal.

### 4th Grade (ages 9–10, 50 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/level/grade-4

- Dividing by 2 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-dividing-by-2 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-dividing-by-2.pdf — A 10-row table: Division · = · Check it. Every ÷2 fact, with the multiplication that proves each one.
- Dividing by 3 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-dividing-by-3 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-dividing-by-3.pdf — A 10-row table: Division · = · Check it. Every ÷3 fact, with the multiplication that proves each one.
- Dividing by 4 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-dividing-by-4 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-dividing-by-4.pdf — A 10-row table: Division · = · Check it. Every ÷4 fact, with the multiplication that proves each one.
- Dividing by 5 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-dividing-by-5 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-dividing-by-5.pdf — A 10-row table: Division · = · Check it. Every ÷5 fact, with the multiplication that proves each one.
- Dividing by 6 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-dividing-by-6 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-dividing-by-6.pdf — A 10-row table: Division · = · Check it. Every ÷6 fact, with the multiplication that proves each one.
- Dividing by 7 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-dividing-by-7 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-dividing-by-7.pdf — A 10-row table: Division · = · Check it. Every ÷7 fact, with the multiplication that proves each one.
- Dividing by 8 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-dividing-by-8 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-dividing-by-8.pdf — A 10-row table: Division · = · Check it. Every ÷8 fact, with the multiplication that proves each one.
- Dividing by 9 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-dividing-by-9 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-dividing-by-9.pdf — A 10-row table: Division · = · Check it. Every ÷9 fact, with the multiplication that proves each one.
- Dividing by 10 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-dividing-by-10 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-dividing-by-10.pdf — A 10-row table: Division · = · Check it. Every ÷10 fact, with the multiplication that proves each one.
- Dividing by 11 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-dividing-by-11 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-dividing-by-11.pdf — A 10-row table: Division · = · Check it. Every ÷11 fact, with the multiplication that proves each one.
- Dividing by 12 — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-dividing-by-12 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-dividing-by-12.pdf — A 10-row table: Division · = · Check it. Every ÷12 fact, with the multiplication that proves each one.
- Mercury — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-planet-mercury — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-planet-mercury.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The smallest planet and the closest to the Sun.
- Venus — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-planet-venus — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-planet-venus.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Earth's near-twin in size, under a crushing blanket of carbon dioxide.
- Earth — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-planet-earth — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-planet-earth.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The only planet known to have liquid water — and the only one with life.
- Mars — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-planet-mars — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-planet-mars.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The red planet.
- Jupiter — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-planet-jupiter — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-planet-jupiter.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The largest planet by far.
- Saturn — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-planet-saturn — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-planet-saturn.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The ringed planet.
- Uranus — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-planet-uranus — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-planet-uranus.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. An ice giant tipped so far over that it effectively rolls around the Sun on its side..
- Neptune — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-planet-neptune — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-planet-neptune.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The furthest planet from the Sun, and the windiest place in the solar system..
- Multiplication & Division Facts — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-multiplication-division — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-multiplication-division.pdf — The 12×12 grid read both ways, with the fact-family triangle explained.
- Decimal Place Value — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-decimal-place-value — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-decimal-place-value.pdf — Tenths and hundredths lined up with whole numbers, plus money as the anchor.
- Equivalent Fractions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-equivalent-fractions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-equivalent-fractions.pdf — The fraction wall plus the ×/÷ rule that generates equivalents.
- Measurement Conversions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-measurement-conversions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-measurement-conversions.pdf — Full customary and metric conversion tables, plus the ×/÷ direction rule.
- Story Elements — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-story-elements — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-story-elements.pdf — Character, setting, problem, events, solution, theme — one question each.
- Prefixes, Suffixes & Roots — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-prefixes-suffixes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-prefixes-suffixes.pdf — The 20 word parts that unlock the most fourth-grade vocabulary.
- The Solar System — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-solar-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-solar-system.pdf — Eight planets to relative size and order, with one fact each.
- Map Skills — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-map-skills — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-map-skills.pdf — Compass rose, key, scale, grid and latitude/longitude on one reference.
- Long Multiplication — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-long-multiplication — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-long-multiplication.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Two-digit by two-digit, laid out so nothing gets lost.
- Factors and Multiples — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-factors-multiples — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-factors-multiples.pdf — FACTORS against MULTIPLES, side by side. Two words constantly swapped — one goes down, one goes up.
- Prime and Composite — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-prime-composite — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-prime-composite.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Numbers with exactly two factors, and everything else.
- Mixed Numbers and Improper Fractions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-mixed-improper — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-mixed-improper.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Two ways to write the same amount, and how to swap between them.
- Adding Fractions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-adding-fractions-same — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-adding-fractions-same.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Same bottom number: add the tops, leave the bottom alone.
- Comparing Decimals — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-comparing-decimals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-comparing-decimals.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Why 0.7 is bigger than 0.65, even though 65 beats 7.
- Lines and Angles — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-lines-and-angles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-lines-and-angles.pdf — A 7-row table: Word · Means · Example. The vocabulary a geometry question assumes you already have.
- Point of View — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-point-of-view — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-point-of-view.pdf — A 4-row table: Point of view · Pronouns · Knows. Who is telling the story, and what that lets them know.
- Finding the Theme — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-theme — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-theme.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The message underneath the plot — and why it is never one word.
- Summarising — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-summarizing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-summarizing.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Somebody, wanted, but, so, then — five words that build a summary.
- Text Structures — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-text-structures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-text-structures.pdf — A 5-row table: Structure · Signal words · Purpose. Five ways non-fiction organises information, and the words that give each away.
- Editing Checklist — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-editing-checklist — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-editing-checklist.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The five checks to run before handing anything in.
- Commas in a List — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-commas-in-a-series — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-commas-in-a-series.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Where the commas go when you list three or more things.
- Homographs — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-homographs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-homographs.pdf — A 6-row table: Word · One meaning · Another meaning. Words spelled the same that mean — and sometimes sound — completely different.
- Figurative Language — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-figurative-language — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-figurative-language.pdf — A 6-row table: Device · What it does · Example. Six devices writers use when the plain words are not enough.
- Root Words — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-root-words — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-root-words.pdf — A 6-row table: Root · Means · Words built on it. The middle of a word — and the meaning everything else is built around.
- Forms of Energy — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-energy-forms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-energy-forms.pdf — A 6-row table: Form · What it is · Where. Six kinds of energy, and the rule that they only ever change form.
- Simple Circuits — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-circuits — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-circuits.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The four things a circuit needs, and the commonest reason one fails.
- Latitude and Longitude — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-latitude-longitude — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-latitude-longitude.pdf — LATITUDE against LONGITUDE, side by side. The grid that gives every place on Earth an address.
- Natural Resources — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-natural-resources — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-natural-resources.pdf — RENEWABLE against NON-RENEWABLE, side by side. What we take from the Earth, and which of it runs out.
- Levels of Government — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-levels-of-government — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-levels-of-government.pdf — A 3-row table: Level · Covers · Decides. Local, state and national — who decides what.
- Rounding Big Numbers — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-rounding-large-numbers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-rounding-large-numbers.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Rounding to any place, and why estimating first catches wrong answers.
- Reading a Timeline — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-4-reading-a-timeline — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-4-reading-a-timeline.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How historians show time, and the traps in reading one.

### 5th Grade (ages 10–11, 50 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/level/grade-5

- Adding Unlike Fractions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-adding-unlike — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-adding-unlike.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Unlike denominators have to be matched before anything can be added.
- Subtracting Unlike Fractions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-subtracting-unlike — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-subtracting-unlike.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Same first step as adding — match the denominators, then take away.
- Multiplying Fractions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-multiplying-fractions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-multiplying-fractions.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Straight across — and the surprise that the answer gets smaller.
- Dividing Fractions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-dividing-fractions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-dividing-fractions.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Keep, change, flip — and why the answer comes out bigger.
- Simplifying Fractions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-simplifying-fractions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-simplifying-fractions.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. The same amount, written with the smallest numbers possible.
- Comparing Fractions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-comparing-fractions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-comparing-fractions.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Three reliable methods, and when each one is quickest.
- Circulatory System — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-circulatory-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-circulatory-system.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Moves blood around the body.
- Respiratory System — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-respiratory-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-respiratory-system.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Takes oxygen out of the air and gets rid of the carbon dioxide your cells produce..
- Digestive System — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-digestive-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-digestive-system.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Breaks food down into pieces small enough for the blood to absorb.
- Skeletal System — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-skeletal-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-skeletal-system.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Supports the body.
- Muscular System — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-muscular-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-muscular-system.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Moves the skeleton.
- Nervous System — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-nervous-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-nervous-system.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Senses what is happening.
- Excretory System — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-excretory-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-excretory-system.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Filters waste out of the blood and removes it.
- Immune System — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-immune-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-immune-system.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Finds and destroys germs.
- Word Roots: Seeing and Saying — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-roots-seeing-and-saying — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-roots-seeing-and-saying.pdf — A 6-row table: Root · Means · Words built on it. Six roots about seeing and saying, and the words built on each.
- Word Roots: Moving and Carrying — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-roots-moving-and-carrying — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-roots-moving-and-carrying.pdf — A 6-row table: Root · Means · Words built on it. Six roots about moving and carrying, and the words built on each.
- Word Roots: Earth and Sky — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-roots-earth-and-sky — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-roots-earth-and-sky.pdf — A 6-row table: Root · Means · Words built on it. Six roots about earth and sky, and the words built on each.
- Word Roots: Life and Body — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-roots-life-and-body — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-roots-life-and-body.pdf — A 6-row table: Root · Means · Words built on it. Six roots about life and body, and the words built on each.
- Word Roots: Numbers and Size — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-roots-numbers-and-size — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-roots-numbers-and-size.pdf — A 6-row table: Root · Means · Words built on it. Six roots about numbers and size, and the words built on each.
- Word Roots: Time and Order — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-roots-time-and-order — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-roots-time-and-order.pdf — A 6-row table: Root · Means · Words built on it. Six roots about time and order, and the words built on each.
- Order of Operations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-order-of-operations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-order-of-operations.pdf — PEMDAS with the two rules everyone gets wrong, worked step by step.
- Decimals & Rounding — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-decimals-rounding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-decimals-rounding.pdf — Place value to thousandths, plus a rounding rule on a number line.
- Fraction Rules — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-fraction-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-fraction-rules.pdf — Add, subtract, multiply and divide fractions — one worked example each.
- Area & Perimeter — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-area-perimeter — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-area-perimeter.pdf — Formulas for every shape they meet this year, with a labelled diagram each.
- Greek & Latin Roots — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-greek-latin-roots — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-greek-latin-roots.pdf — Twenty-four roots with meanings and two example words each.
- Paragraph & Essay Frame — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-paragraph-frame — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-paragraph-frame.pdf — The five-paragraph skeleton plus sentence starters for each slot.
- Body Systems Overview — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-body-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-body-systems.pdf — Six systems, what each does, and the organs that belong to it.
- 3 Branches of Government — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-branches-of-government — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-branches-of-government.pdf — Legislative, executive, judicial — powers, people, and the checks between them.
- Multiplying Decimals — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-multiplying-decimals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-multiplying-decimals.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Ignore the points, multiply, then count them back in.
- Dividing Decimals — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-dividing-decimals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-dividing-decimals.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Move both points the same number of places, then divide normally.
- Volume — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-volume — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-volume.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How much fits inside — and why the unit is cubed.
- The Coordinate Plane — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-coordinate-plane — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-coordinate-plane.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Two axes, four quadrants, and the order that never changes.
- Writing Expressions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-numerical-expressions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-numerical-expressions.pdf — A 7-row table: In words · In maths. Turning a sentence into maths without losing the order.
- Line Graphs — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-line-graphs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-line-graphs.pdf — 4 numbered steps. The graph for data that changes over time — and when not to use one.
- Making a Point in Writing — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-thesis-and-evidence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-thesis-and-evidence.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Claim, evidence, explanation — the three-part move in a good paragraph.
- Making Inferences — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-inference — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-inference.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Reading what the writer did not say, using what they did.
- Author's Purpose — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-authors-purpose — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-authors-purpose.pdf — A 5-row table: Purpose · Wants you to · Look for. Why the text was written — and how the purpose changes how you should read it.
- Ecosystems — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-ecosystems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-ecosystems.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The living and non-living parts of a place, and how energy moves.
- Physical and Chemical Change — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-matter-changes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-matter-changes.pdf — PHYSICAL CHANGE against CHEMICAL CHANGE, side by side. One you can undo. One you cannot.
- Earth's Four Spheres — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-earth-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-earth-systems.pdf — A 4-row table: Sphere · What it is · Example. The four systems that make up the planet, and where they overlap.
- Reading a Region Map — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-us-regions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-us-regions.pdf — A 5-row table: Feature · Question it answers. What makes a region, and the four features geographers compare.
- Primary and Secondary Sources — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-primary-secondary-sources — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-primary-secondary-sources.pdf — PRIMARY against SECONDARY, side by side. Who was there, and who wrote about it afterwards.
- Powers of Ten — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-powers-of-ten — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-powers-of-ten.pdf — A 5-row table: Power · Means · Value · Digits move. Why multiplying by 100 moves the digits two places, every time.
- Prime Factorisation — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-prime-factorisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-prime-factorisation.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Every number breaks into primes in exactly one way.
- Fraction, Decimal, Percent — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-fraction-decimal-percent — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-fraction-decimal-percent.pdf — A 7-row table: Fraction · Decimal · Percent. Three ways of writing the same amount, and how to move between them.
- Sorting Shapes by Their Properties — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-classifying-shapes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-classifying-shapes.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Why every square is a rectangle, and no rectangle has to be a square.
- Weathering, Erosion, Deposition — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-weathering-erosion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-weathering-erosion.pdf — 3 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Three words for three different stages, constantly confused.
- Light and Shadows — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-light — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-light.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How light travels, and why shadows are the shape they are.
- Being Safe Online — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-digital-citizenship — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-digital-citizenship.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Six rules that cover almost every situation a ten-year-old meets online.
- How to Actually Revise — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-5-study-skills — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-5-study-skills.pdf — WORKS against FEELS LIKE WORK, side by side. Four methods that work, and the two that feel productive but are not.

### 6th Grade (ages 11–12, 50 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/level/grade-6

- Adding Integers — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-adding-integers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-adding-integers.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Same signs add, different signs subtract — the sign follows the bigger.
- Subtracting Integers — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-subtracting-integers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-subtracting-integers.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Every subtraction is an addition wearing a disguise.
- Multiplying and Dividing Integers — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-multiplying-integers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-multiplying-integers.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Count the minus signs. Even means positive, odd means negative.
- Absolute Value — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-absolute-value — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-absolute-value.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Distance from zero — never negative, however negative the number is.
- Ratios — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-ratios.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Part to part, or part to whole — and why mixing them up changes the answer.
- Unit Rate — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-unit-rate — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-unit-rate.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. How much for exactly one — the number that makes any two deals comparable.
- Percent of a Number — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-percent-of-a-number — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-percent-of-a-number.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two reliable methods, and the benchmarks worth doing in your head.
- The Three Percent Questions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-percent-problems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-percent-problems.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Find the part, find the percent, or find the whole — one setup handles all three.
- Algebra Vocabulary — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-algebra-vocabulary — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-algebra-vocabulary.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Term, coefficient, constant, variable — the four words every question uses.
- Combining Like Terms — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-like-terms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-like-terms.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Only terms with identical variable parts can be added together.
- The Distributive Property — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-distributive-property — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-distributive-property.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Multiply everything inside the bracket — including the term you forget.
- One-Step Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-one-step-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-one-step-equations.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Do the opposite operation, to both sides, and the letter is left alone.
- Inequalities — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-inequalities — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-inequalities.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Solving works like an equation, with one rule that catches everyone out.
- The Mean — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-mean — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-mean.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The number every value would be if the total were shared out equally.
- Median, Mode and Range — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-median-mode-range — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-median-mode-range.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Three more ways to summarise data, and when each is the right one.
- The Nucleus — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-nucleus — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-nucleus.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The control centre of the cell.
- The Cell Membrane — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-cell-membrane — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-cell-membrane.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. A flexible outer layer that decides what gets into the cell and what leaves it.
- Mitochondria — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-mitochondria — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-mitochondria.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Where respiration happens — sugar and oxygen are turned into usable energy.
- Chloroplasts — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-chloroplasts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-chloroplasts.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Where photosynthesis happens: sunlight, water and CO₂ become glucose.
- The Cell Wall — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-cell-wall — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-cell-wall.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. A rigid outer layer of cellulose that gives the plant cell its shape and strength.
- The Vacuole — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-vacuole — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-vacuole.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. A storage space holding water, food and waste.
- Cytoplasm and Ribosomes — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-cytoplasm-and-ribosomes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-cytoplasm-and-ribosomes.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The jelly filling the cell, and the tiny machines suspended in it that build proteins.
- Simile — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-device-simile — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-device-simile.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. A comparison of two unlike things using the words 'like' or 'as'.
- Metaphor — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-device-metaphor — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-device-metaphor.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. A comparison that says one thing IS another, with no 'like' or 'as'.
- Personification — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-device-personification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-device-personification.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Giving human qualities or actions to something that is not human.
- Hyperbole — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-device-hyperbole — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-device-hyperbole.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Deliberate, obvious exaggeration for effect
- Onomatopoeia — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-device-onomatopoeia — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-device-onomatopoeia.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. A word that imitates the sound it describes.
- Alliteration — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-device-alliteration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-device-alliteration.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The same opening consonant sound repeated in words close together.
- Idiom — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-device-idiom — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-device-idiom.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. A fixed phrase whose meaning cannot be worked out from the words in it.
- Imagery — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-device-imagery — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-device-imagery.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Descriptive language that appeals directly to the five senses.
- Integer Rules Summary — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-integer-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-integer-rules.pdf — All four operations with negatives on one sheet, with a number line to check against.
- Ratios, Rates & Percent — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-ratios-percent — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-ratios-percent.pdf — Ratio, unit rate and percent as three views of the same relationship.
- Area, Surface Area & Volume — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-volume-surface-area — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-volume-surface-area.pdf — Nets, surface area and volume formulas for the solids they are tested on.
- Expressions & Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-expressions-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-expressions-equations.pdf — Vocabulary, the properties, combining like terms and the balance rule.
- Figurative Language Summary — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-figurative-language — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-figurative-language.pdf — Eight devices with an example line each.
- Comma & Punctuation Rules — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-comma-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-comma-rules.pdf — The eight comma rules, semicolons, colons and apostrophes — each with an example.
- Plant & Animal Cells — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-cells — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-cells.pdf — Both cells labelled side by side, with what each organelle does.
- The Scientific Method — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-scientific-method — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-scientific-method.pdf — The six steps plus the variable vocabulary that trips people up.
- All Four Quadrants — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-coordinate-plane-four-quadrants — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-coordinate-plane-four-quadrants.pdf — A 4-row table: Quadrant · x · y · Position. Negative coordinates, and which signs go where.
- Order of Operations with Exponents — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-order-of-operations-exponents — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-order-of-operations-exponents.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. PEMDAS once powers are in the mix.
- Dot Plots and Histograms — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-dot-plots-histograms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-dot-plots-histograms.pdf — DOT PLOT against HISTOGRAM, side by side. Two graphs that look similar and answer different questions.
- Photosynthesis — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-photosynthesis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-photosynthesis.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How a plant makes its own food, and what it needs to do it.
- Classifying Living Things — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-classification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-classification.pdf — A 7-row table: Level · Gets narrower · Human example. The levels biologists use, from kingdom down to species.
- Building an Argument — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-argument-writing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-argument-writing.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Claim, evidence, reasoning, and the counterclaim that lifts the grade.
- Tone and Mood — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-tone-and-mood — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-tone-and-mood.pdf — TONE against MOOD, side by side. The writer's attitude, and the reader's feeling. Two different things.
- Central Idea — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-central-idea — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-central-idea.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What a whole text is about — and how it differs from a topic.
- Allusions Worth Knowing — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-greek-mythology-allusions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-greek-mythology-allusions.pdf — A 6-row table: Allusion · The story · What it now means. Six references that turn up constantly in books, films and headlines.
- Ancient River Civilisations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-ancient-civilisations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-ancient-civilisations.pdf — A 4-row table: Civilisation · River · Known for. Four civilisations, and the one thing they all had in common.
- Converting Units with Rates — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-rates-and-conversions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-rates-and-conversions.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Multiply by a fraction equal to 1 and the units cancel themselves.
- Supply and Demand — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-6-supply-and-demand — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-6-supply-and-demand.pdf — DEMAND against SUPPLY, side by side. Why prices move, explained without a single graph.

### 7th Grade (ages 12–13, 50 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/level/grade-7

- Solving Proportions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-proportions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-proportions.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two equal ratios, and the cross-multiplication that solves them.
- Constant of Proportionality — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-constant-of-proportionality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-constant-of-proportionality.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The single number that turns one quantity into the other, every time.
- Percent Increase and Decrease — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-percent-change — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-percent-change.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Change over original — and why the original is always the bottom.
- Tax, Tip and Discount — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-tax-tip-discount — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-tax-tip-discount.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Three names for the same multiplication.
- Operations with Rational Numbers — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-rational-numbers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-rational-numbers.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Negative fractions and decimals — convert to one form, then apply the sign rule.
- Two-Step Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-two-step-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-two-step-equations.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Undo in reverse order: plus and minus first, then times and divide.
- Variables on Both Sides — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-variables-both-sides — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-variables-both-sides.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Collect the letters on one side and the numbers on the other.
- Circumference of a Circle — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-circumference — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-circumference.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The distance around, and the two formulas that are the same formula.
- Area of a Circle — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-area-of-a-circle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-area-of-a-circle.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Square the radius, never the diameter.
- Angle Pairs — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-angle-pairs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-angle-pairs.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Five relationships that let you find a missing angle without measuring.
- Probability — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-probability-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-probability-basics.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. A number between 0 and 1 — and what it does and does not promise.
- Probability of Two Events — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-compound-probability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-compound-probability.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Multiply for 'and', add for 'or' — once you have checked for overlap.
- Proportions & Percent Change — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-proportions-percent — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-proportions-percent.pdf — Cross-multiplication, the percent proportion and percent change.
- Rational Number Rules — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-rational-numbers-summary — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-rational-numbers-summary.pdf — Sign rules applied to fractions and decimals, plus conversion between forms.
- Solving Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-solving-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-solving-equations.pdf — One-step to multi-step equations and inequalities, solved in order.
- Circles, Angles & Volume — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-circles-angles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-circles-angles.pdf — Circumference, area of a circle, angle-pair rules and prism volume.
- Literary Devices — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-literary-devices — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-literary-devices.pdf — Sixteen devices grouped by what they do — sound, meaning, structure.
- Argument Essay Frame — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-argument-essay — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-argument-essay.pdf — Claim, evidence, reasoning, counterclaim, rebuttal, with sentence stems.
- SI Units & Conversions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-si-units — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-si-units.pdf — The seven base units, the metric prefixes and the decimal-move shortcut.
- Reading the Periodic Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-periodic-table-intro — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-periodic-table-intro.pdf — What a box tells you, and how groups and periods are organised.
- Scale Drawings — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-scale-drawings — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-scale-drawings.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Turning a real size into a drawing, and back again.
- Samples and Populations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-statistics-sampling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-statistics-sampling.pdf — GOOD SAMPLE against BIASED SAMPLE, side by side. Why a good sample is small, random, and still trustworthy.
- Atoms — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-atoms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-atoms.pdf — A 3-row table: Particle · Charge · Where · Decides. Three particles, where each sits, and what each one decides.
- Elements, Compounds and Mixtures — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-elements-compounds-mixtures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-elements-compounds-mixtures.pdf — A 3-row table: Type · Made of · Separated by · Example. Three levels of 'what is this made of', and how to tell them apart.
- Getting In and Out of a Cell — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-cell-transport — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-cell-transport.pdf — A 3-row table: Process · Direction · Energy?. Three ways substances cross the membrane, and which costs energy.
- Human Impact on Ecosystems — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-human-impact — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-human-impact.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Five ways people change ecosystems, and what each one does.
- Ethos, Pathos, Logos — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-rhetorical-appeals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-rhetorical-appeals.pdf — A 3-row table: Appeal · Persuades by · Look for. The three ways any argument tries to persuade you.
- Active and Passive Voice — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-active-passive-voice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-active-passive-voice.pdf — ACTIVE against PASSIVE, side by side. Who is doing the verb, and why hiding them is sometimes deliberate.
- Theme, Plot and Conflict — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-theme-vs-plot — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-theme-vs-plot.pdf — A 3-row table: Term · Question it answers · Example. Three words for three different things, constantly confused.
- Citing Textual Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-citing-evidence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-citing-evidence.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Quoting properly, and the analysis that has to follow it.
- Academic Word Roots — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-word-roots-academic — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-word-roots-academic.pdf — A 8-row table: Root · Means · Examples. Twelve roots that carry the vocabulary of every subject.
- Why Every World Map Is Wrong — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-map-projections — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-map-projections.pdf — MERCATOR against EQUAL-AREA, side by side. You cannot flatten a sphere without distorting something.
- Systems of Government — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-government-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-government-systems.pdf — A 4-row table: System · Who rules · Chosen how. Four ways countries decide who holds power.
- Economic Systems — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-economic-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-economic-systems.pdf — A 4-row table: System · Decisions made by · Example. Who decides what gets made — and every real country is a mixture.
- Surface Area — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-surface-area — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-surface-area.pdf — A 4-row table: Solid · Formula · Faces. Unfold the solid, add up the faces. That is all surface area ever is.
- Volume of Prisms and Cylinders — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-volume-prisms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-volume-prisms.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Base area times height — one formula for every prism there is.
- Box Plots — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-box-plots — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-box-plots.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Five numbers that summarise any data set, and what the box actually shows.
- Similar Figures — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-similar-figures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-similar-figures.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Same shape, different size — and the ratio that connects them.
- Waves — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-waves — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-waves.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How energy moves without the material moving with it.
- Heat Transfer — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-heat-transfer — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-heat-transfer.pdf — A 3-row table: Method · How · Example. Three ways heat moves, and which materials help or block each one.
- Inherited Traits — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-genetics-intro — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-genetics-intro.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why you look like your parents but are not identical to either.
- Chemical Reactions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-chemical-reactions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-chemical-reactions.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The signs a reaction happened, and the law that governs all of them.
- How Body Systems Work Together — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-body-systems-together — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-body-systems-together.pdf — A 5-row table: Systems · Working together. No system works alone — five partnerships worth knowing.
- Summarising Non-Fiction — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-summarising-nonfiction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-summarising-nonfiction.pdf — 4 numbered steps. Objective, short, and covering the whole text — three demands at once.
- Transition Words — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-transitions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-transitions.pdf — A 7-row table: To show · Use. The words that show the reader how two ideas are related.
- Paraphrasing and Plagiarism — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-paraphrasing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-paraphrasing.pdf — PROPER PARAPHRASE against PLAGIARISM, side by side. Using someone's idea honestly — and where the line actually is.
- Reading a Population Pyramid — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-population-pyramids — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-population-pyramids.pdf — A 3-row table: Shape · Means · Implies. A graph shape that tells you a country's future.
- Trade and Interdependence — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-trade-interdependence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-trade-interdependence.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Why countries trade at all, and what it costs them.
- Measuring Spread — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-mean-absolute-deviation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-mean-absolute-deviation.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Two data sets can share a mean and be nothing alike.
- Taking Notes That Work — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-7-note-taking — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-7-note-taking.pdf — CORNELL METHOD against MIND MAP, side by side. Three methods, and the rule that beats all of them.

### 8th Grade (ages 13–14, 50 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/level/grade-8

- The Product Rule — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-product-rule — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-product-rule.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Same base, multiplying? Add the exponents.
- The Quotient Rule — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-quotient-rule — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-quotient-rule.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Same base, dividing? Subtract the exponents.
- The Power of a Power Rule — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-power-rule — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-power-rule.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. A power raised to a power? Multiply the exponents.
- Zero and Negative Exponents — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-zero-negative-exponents — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-zero-negative-exponents.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why anything to the power zero is one, and where a negative one lives.
- Scientific Notation — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-scientific-notation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-scientific-notation.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Very big and very small numbers, written so you can compare them.
- Square and Cube Roots — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-square-cube-roots — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-square-cube-roots.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The numbers worth knowing by sight, and how to simplify the rest.
- Slope — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-slope — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-slope.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Rise over run, and the four kinds of slope a line can have.
- Slope-Intercept Form — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-slope-intercept-form — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-slope-intercept-form.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. y = mx + b — the form you can graph without doing any working.
- Three Forms of a Line — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-forms-of-a-line — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-forms-of-a-line.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Same line, three ways of writing it — and what each is good for.
- Systems of Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-systems-of-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-systems-of-equations.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two lines, three methods, and what it means when there is no answer.
- What Makes a Function — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-functions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-functions.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. One input, one output — and the two tests that check it.
- Alkali Metals — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-alkali-metals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-alkali-metals.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Group 1 — The most reactive metals.
- Alkaline Earth Metals — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-alkaline-earth-metals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-alkaline-earth-metals.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Group 2 — Reactive metals, but noticeably less so than group 1.
- Transition Metals — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-transition-metals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-transition-metals.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Groups 3–12 — The familiar metals.
- Halogens — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-halogens — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-halogens.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Group 17 — The most reactive non-metals.
- Noble Gases — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-noble-gases — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-noble-gases.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Group 18 — Full outer shells, so they barely react with anything at all..
- Linear Functions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-linear-functions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-linear-functions.pdf — Slope, intercepts, the three forms of a line, and what each one is good for.
- Exponent & Radical Rules — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-exponent-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-exponent-rules.pdf — Every exponent law with an example, plus roots and scientific notation.
- Pythagoras & Transformations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-pythagoras — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-pythagoras.pdf — The theorem, its converse, the distance formula and four transformations.
- The Real Number System — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-real-numbers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-real-numbers.pdf — Naturals inside integers inside rationals inside reals, with irrationals beside them.
- Literary Analysis Essay — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-literary-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-literary-analysis.pdf — Thesis, topic sentence, quote integration, analysis — with the stems for each.
- Academic Word Roots — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-academic-word-roots — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-academic-word-roots.pdf — Thirty roots that carry academic and test vocabulary, with examples.
- The Periodic Table — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-periodic-table — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-periodic-table.pdf — The full table by group, with metals, non-metals and the families named.
- Lab Report Guide — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-lab-report — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-lab-report.pdf — What goes in each section of a lab report, and how to write a conclusion that scores.
- The Pythagorean Theorem — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-pythagorean-theorem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-pythagorean-theorem.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The relationship that only works in right triangles — and its converse.
- Distance and Midpoint — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-distance-formula — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-distance-formula.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Two formulas for the coordinate plane — one is Pythagoras in disguise.
- Transformations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-transformations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-transformations.pdf — A 6-row table: Transformation · Plain word · Rule. Four ways to move a shape, and which ones preserve congruence.
- Scatter Plots and Correlation — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-scatter-plots — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-scatter-plots.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Reading a cloud of points, and the trap everyone falls into.
- Volume of Cones, Cylinders and Spheres — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-volume-cones-spheres — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-volume-cones-spheres.pdf — A 3-row table: Solid · Volume · Note. Three formulas, and the relationship that links them.
- Newton's Three Laws — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-newtons-laws — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-newtons-laws.pdf — 3 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Why things move, keep moving, and push back.
- Plate Tectonics — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-plate-tectonics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-plate-tectonics.pdf — A 3-row table: Boundary · Movement · Creates. Why earthquakes and volcanoes happen where they do.
- Natural Selection — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-natural-selection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-natural-selection.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Four conditions, and what the theory does and does not claim.
- Writing a Thesis Statement — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-thesis-statements — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-thesis-statements.pdf — A REAL THESIS against NOT A THESIS, side by side. Arguable, specific, and answering the question actually asked.
- Integrating Quotations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-quote-integration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-quote-integration.pdf — DROPPED IN against EMBEDDED, side by side. Embedding evidence so the sentence still reads properly.
- The Three Kinds of Irony — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-irony — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-irony.pdf — A 3-row table: Type · The gap · Example. Constantly confused, and rarely just 'unlucky'.
- Analysing Word Choice — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-author-craft — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-author-craft.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The question behind every 'analyse the language' task.
- How a Central Idea Develops — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-central-idea-development — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-central-idea-development.pdf — 4 numbered steps. Tracking an idea across a whole text, not just finding it.
- How a Constitution Works — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-constitution-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-constitution-basics.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. What a constitution does, and the three ideas underneath most of them.
- The Industrial Revolution — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-industrial-revolution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-industrial-revolution.pdf — BEFORE against AFTER, side by side. What changed, why it changed, and what it cost.
- Angles and Parallel Lines — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-angle-relationships-parallel — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-angle-relationships-parallel.pdf — A 6-row table: Pair · Shape · Relationship. One transversal, eight angles, and only two different sizes.
- Linear or Not? — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-linear-vs-nonlinear — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-linear-vs-nonlinear.pdf — LINEAR against NON-LINEAR, side by side. Three tests, and what a non-linear relationship looks like.
- Finding Slope Three Ways — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-slope-from-a-table — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-slope-from-a-table.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. From a graph, from two points, or from a table.
- Two-Way Tables — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-two-way-tables — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-two-way-tables.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Two categories at once, and the three different percentages you can read from one.
- Energy Transfer and Conservation — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-energy-transfer — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-energy-transfer.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Energy is never lost — but it does become less useful.
- Reading the Table by Position — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-periodic-trends-intro — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-periodic-trends-intro.pdf — A 5-row table: Position · Tells you · Because. Where an element sits tells you how it will behave.
- The Electromagnetic Spectrum — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-waves-em-spectrum — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-waves-em-spectrum.pdf — A 7-row table: Wave · Wavelength · Used for. One family of waves, from radio to gamma, and what changes across it.
- Mitosis and Meiosis — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-cell-division — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-cell-division.pdf — MITOSIS against MEIOSIS, side by side. Two kinds of cell division doing two completely different jobs.
- Figurative or Literal? — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-figurative-vs-literal — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-figurative-vs-literal.pdf — LITERAL against FIGURATIVE, side by side. Deciding which meaning a sentence intends, and why it matters.
- Handling a Counterclaim — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-counterclaims — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-counterclaims.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Stating the other side properly, then answering it.
- Checking a Source — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-8-media-literacy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-8-media-literacy.pdf — 4 numbered steps. Four questions that catch most misinformation in under a minute.

### 9th Grade (ages 14–15, 50 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/level/grade-9

- Function Notation — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-function-notation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-function-notation.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. f(x) is not multiplication — and everything else follows from getting that right.
- Domain and Range — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-domain-and-range — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-domain-and-range.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Which inputs are allowed, and which outputs actually appear.
- Factoring Out the GCF — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-factoring-gcf — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-factoring-gcf.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The first thing to try, every single time, before anything else.
- Factoring Trinomials — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-factoring-trinomials — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-factoring-trinomials.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two numbers that multiply to c and add to b — and when a is not 1.
- Difference of Squares — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-difference-of-squares — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-difference-of-squares.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The pattern worth spotting instantly, and the one that looks similar but does not factor.
- The Quadratic Formula — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-quadratic-formula — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-quadratic-formula.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The method that always works, and the sign errors that ruin it.
- The Discriminant — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-discriminant — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-discriminant.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. One calculation that counts the solutions before you look for them.
- Anatomy of a Parabola — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-parabola-anatomy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-parabola-anatomy.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Vertex, axis, roots and direction — everything a quadratic graph tells you.
- Choosing a Systems Method — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-systems-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-systems-methods.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Graphing, substitution or elimination — decided by the shape of the equations.
- Arithmetic Sequences — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-arithmetic-sequences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-arithmetic-sequences.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Add the same amount each time, and the formula that jumps to any term.
- Proving Triangles Congruent — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-triangle-congruence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-triangle-congruence.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Five shortcuts that work, and the two that look like they should but do not.
- Triangle Theorems — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-triangle-theorems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-triangle-theorems.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Six rules that solve most triangle questions without measuring anything.
- Writing a Geometry Proof — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-geometry-proofs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-geometry-proofs.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. The structure, and the habit that makes proofs writable rather than mysterious.
- Similar Triangles — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-similarity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-similarity.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Same shape, different size — and the scale factor rules for length, area and volume.
- Cell Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-cell-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-cell-theory.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Three statements that underpin the whole of biology.
- DNA Structure — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-dna-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-dna-structure.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. A twisted ladder, and the base pairing that makes copying possible.
- From Gene to Protein — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-protein-synthesis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-protein-synthesis.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Transcription then translation — two steps, two locations.
- Photosynthesis and Respiration — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-photosynthesis-respiration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-photosynthesis-respiration.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Two equations that are almost exact mirrors of each other.
- Punnett Squares — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-mendelian-genetics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-mendelian-genetics.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Predicting offspring ratios from two parents' genes.
- Evidence for Evolution — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-evidence-for-evolution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-evidence-for-evolution.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Five independent lines of evidence, all pointing the same way.
- Enzymes — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-enzymes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-enzymes.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Biological catalysts, and the two things that destroy them.
- Homeostasis — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-homeostasis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-homeostasis.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Keeping the inside steady while the outside changes.
- Function Toolkit — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-function-toolkit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-function-toolkit.pdf — Domain, range, notation and the parent functions with their graphs.
- Quadratics — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-quadratics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-quadratics.pdf — Factoring, the quadratic formula, the discriminant and parabola anatomy.
- Systems of Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-systems.pdf — Graphing, substitution and elimination side by side, plus what 'no solution' looks like.
- Geometry Reference — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-geometry-reference — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-geometry-reference.pdf — Angle relationships, triangle rules, congruence and the proof vocabulary.
- Literary Terms — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-literary-terms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-literary-terms.pdf — The terms high-school essays are expected to use, grouped and defined.
- Thesis & Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-thesis-evidence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-thesis-evidence.pdf — How to build a defensible thesis, and the evidence sandwich under it.
- Cell Structure & Function — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-cell-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-cell-structure.pdf — Every organelle with its job, plus transport across the membrane.
- Periodic Trends — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-periodic-trends — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-periodic-trends.pdf — Atomic radius, ionisation energy and electronegativity, with arrows for each trend.
- Exponential Functions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-exponential-functions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-exponential-functions.pdf — LINEAR against EXPONENTIAL, side by side. Growth that multiplies rather than adds — and why it always wins.
- Solving and Graphing Inequalities — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-solving-inequalities — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-solving-inequalities.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The same steps as an equation, plus one rule and one new notation.
- Absolute Value Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-absolute-value-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-absolute-value-equations.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. One equation, two cases — because distance works in both directions.
- Adding and Multiplying Polynomials — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-polynomial-operations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-polynomial-operations.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Combine like terms to add; distribute everything to multiply.
- Levels of Ecological Organisation — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-ecology-levels — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-ecology-levels.pdf — A 6-row table: Level · What it is. From one organism up to the whole biosphere.
- The Carbon Cycle — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-carbon-cycle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-carbon-cycle.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Where carbon goes, and where humans changed the balance.
- Making a Scientific Claim — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-scientific-argument — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-scientific-argument.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Claim, evidence, reasoning — the structure every lab conclusion needs.
- Close Reading — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-close-reading — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-close-reading.pdf — 4 numbered steps. Four passes over a text, each looking for something different.
- Analysing Sentence Structure — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-syntax-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-syntax-analysis.pdf — A 6-row table: Structure · Effect. What sentence length and shape do to a reader.
- Rhetorical Devices in Speeches — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-rhetorical-devices — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-rhetorical-devices.pdf — A 6-row table: Device · What it is · Effect. Six techniques that turn up in almost every famous speech.
- Graphing a Line Fast — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-slope-intercept-graphing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-slope-intercept-graphing.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Four points plotted in under thirty seconds, from any form.
- Rearranging Formulas — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-literal-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-literal-equations.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Solving for a letter when everything else is letters too.
- Simplifying Radicals — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-radicals-simplifying — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-radicals-simplifying.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Pulling perfect squares out from under the root sign.
- Viruses and Living Things — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-viruses-vs-cells — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-viruses-vs-cells.pdf — LIVING CELL against VIRUS, side by side. Why virology sits awkwardly between chemistry and biology.
- The Nitrogen Cycle — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-nitrogen-cycle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-nitrogen-cycle.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Why the most abundant gas in the air is useless to almost everything.
- Characterisation — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-characterisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-characterisation.pdf — DIRECT against INDIRECT, side by side. Direct and indirect — and why writers prefer the second.
- Symbol, Motif and Theme — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-symbolism-motif — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-symbolism-motif.pdf — A 3-row table: Term · What it is · Example. Three connected ideas, and how one builds into the next.
- Evaluating Research Sources — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-research-sources — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-research-sources.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Five checks before a source goes into a bibliography.
- From Notes to Essay — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-note-to-essay — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-note-to-essay.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The bridge between having read everything and having written nothing.
- Managing a Long Assignment — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-9-time-management — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-9-time-management.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Working backwards from the deadline, and the two hardest days.

### 10th Grade (ages 15–16, 50 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/level/grade-10

- Completing the Square — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-completing-the-square — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-completing-the-square.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Turning any quadratic into vertex form — where the formula comes from.
- Vertex Form — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-vertex-form — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-vertex-form.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The form that hands you the graph without any working at all.
- End Behaviour of Polynomials — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-polynomial-end-behaviour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-polynomial-end-behaviour.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. What the graph does at the far left and far right, from two facts.
- Sum and Difference of Cubes — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-factoring-cubes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-factoring-cubes.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two patterns worth memorising, plus the sign rule that keeps them straight.
- Rational Expressions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-rational-expressions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-rational-expressions.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Fractions with algebra in them — and the values that are forbidden.
- Complex Numbers — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-complex-numbers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-complex-numbers.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What happens when the discriminant is negative.
- Logarithms — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-logarithms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-logarithms.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. A log is an exponent — reading the definition backwards makes everything easier.
- SOH-CAH-TOA — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-sohcahtoa — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-sohcahtoa.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Three ratios, and the labelling step that decides which one you need.
- The Special Triangles — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-special-triangles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-special-triangles.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Two triangles whose exact ratios are worth knowing without a calculator.
- The Unit Circle — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-unit-circle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-unit-circle.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Trig beyond right triangles, and the sign pattern in each quadrant.
- Circle Theorems — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-circle-theorems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-circle-theorems.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Six results that solve almost every circle question.
- Coordinate Proofs — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-coordinate-proofs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-coordinate-proofs.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Proving a shape is what it claims to be, using only distance and slope.
- The Equation of a Circle — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-equation-of-a-circle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-equation-of-a-circle.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Centre, radius, and the completing-the-square step that reveals both.
- Ionic Bonding — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-ionic-bonding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-ionic-bonding.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Electrons handed over, not shared — and the properties that follow.
- Covalent Bonding — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-covalent-bonding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-covalent-bonding.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Electrons shared between two non-metals, and the properties that follow.
- Balancing Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-balancing-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-balancing-equations.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Conservation of mass, enforced with coefficients — never subscripts.
- The Five Reaction Types — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-reaction-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-reaction-types.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Recognising the pattern tells you what the products will be.
- The Mole — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-moles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-moles.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. A counting unit for atoms — and the three formulas that use it.
- Acids and Bases — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-acids-bases — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-acids-bases.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The pH scale, what it measures, and the reaction that cancels both.
- The Gas Laws — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-gas-laws — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-gas-laws.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Three relationships between pressure, volume and temperature.
- Quadratics & Polynomials — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-polynomials — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-polynomials.pdf — Completing the square, vertex form, factoring patterns and end behaviour.
- Right-Triangle Trig — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-trigonometry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-trigonometry.pdf — SOH-CAH-TOA, the special triangles, and the unit circle in one place.
- Coordinate Geometry — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-coordinate-geometry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-coordinate-geometry.pdf — Distance, midpoint, slope proofs and circle equations on the plane.
- Function Transformations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-function-transformations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-function-transformations.pdf — How a, h and k move any parent graph, with the inside/outside rule.
- Rhetorical Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-rhetorical-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-rhetorical-analysis.pdf — Ethos, pathos, logos, the SOAPSTone frame and the analysis paragraph shape.
- SAT Word Roots — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-sat-word-roots — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-sat-word-roots.pdf — Thirty-six high-yield roots for standardised-test vocabulary.
- Bonding & Reactions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-bonding-reactions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-bonding-reactions.pdf — Ionic vs covalent bonding, valence electrons and the five reaction types.
- US Government & Civics — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-civics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-civics.pdf — The branches plus how a bill becomes law, federalism and the key amendments.
- Sine and Cosine Rules — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-law-of-sines-cosines — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-law-of-sines-cosines.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Trigonometry for triangles that are not right-angled.
- Sequences and Series — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-arithmetic-geometric-series — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-arithmetic-geometric-series.pdf — A 4-row table: Arithmetic · Geometric. Adding versus multiplying, and the formulas for each.
- Systems with Three Variables — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-systems-three-variables — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-systems-three-variables.pdf — 4 numbered steps. Eliminating one variable twice to get back to familiar ground.
- Permutations and Combinations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-probability-permutations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-probability-permutations.pdf — PERMUTATION against COMBINATION, side by side. Does the order matter? That one question chooses the formula.
- The Normal Distribution — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-normal-distribution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-normal-distribution.pdf — 4 numbered steps. The bell curve, and the rule that covers almost everything.
- Electron Configuration — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-electron-configuration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-electron-configuration.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Where the electrons actually sit, and why the periodic table is shaped as it is.
- Why the Trends Happen — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-periodic-trends-explained — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-periodic-trends-explained.pdf — A 4-row table: Trend · Across → · Down ↓. Two competing forces explain every periodic trend.
- Limiting Reactants — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-limiting-reactant — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-limiting-reactant.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Which ingredient runs out first, and why that decides the yield.
- The Rhetorical Analysis Paragraph — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-rhetorical-analysis-paragraph — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-rhetorical-analysis-paragraph.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The shape of a paragraph that analyses persuasion rather than summarising it.
- Satire — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-satire-and-irony — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-satire-and-irony.pdf — HORATIAN against JUVENALIAN, side by side. Ridicule aimed at a target, and the two traditions it comes in.
- Standardised Test Strategy — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-test-taking-strategy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-test-taking-strategy.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How to spend the time, and when guessing is correct.
- Interest, Debt and Compounding — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-personal-finance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-personal-finance.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. The maths behind loans and savings — one formula pointing two ways.
- Writing a Personal Statement — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-college-essay — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-college-essay.pdf — WORKS against DOES NOT, side by side. What admissions readers actually look for, and the openings to avoid.
- Radical Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-radical-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-radical-equations.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Squaring both sides solves it — and can invent answers that do not work.
- Inverse Functions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-inverse-functions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-inverse-functions.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Undoing a function, and the graph symmetry that reveals it.
- Piecewise Functions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-piecewise-functions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-piecewise-functions.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Different rules on different intervals, and where the graph breaks.
- Volume and Surface Area of Solids — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-volume-and-surface-solids — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-volume-and-surface-solids.pdf — A 5-row table: Solid · Volume · Surface area. The formulas a geometry paper assumes you have.
- Angles in Polygons — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-polygon-angles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-polygon-angles.pdf — The rule, 4 worked examples. Two formulas that handle any polygon, however many sides.
- Energy in Reactions — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-thermochemistry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-thermochemistry.pdf — EXOTHERMIC against ENDOTHERMIC, side by side. Exothermic and endothermic, and the bond-energy explanation.
- Solutions and Concentration — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-solutions-concentration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-solutions-concentration.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The vocabulary, and the formula that turns it into numbers.
- Carbon Compounds — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-organic-chemistry-intro — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-organic-chemistry-intro.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Why carbon builds more compounds than every other element combined.
- Logical Fallacies — https://learnposters.com/p/grade-10-argument-fallacies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grade-10-argument-fallacies.pdf — A 8-row table: Fallacy · What it does. Eight bad arguments that sound convincing until you name them.

## By subject and programme

### Music (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/music — The theory a player needs on the music stand, not in a textbook.

#### Notation — Reading the page: note values, rests, the staff and what the marks mean.

- Note Values — https://learnposters.com/p/note-values — https://learnposters.com/pdf/note-values.pdf — A 6-row table: Note · Beats in 4/4 · British name. Every note length from a whole note down to a sixteenth, with both naming systems.
- Rests — https://learnposters.com/p/rests — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rests.pdf — A 5-row table: Rest · Beats · How to spot it. Silence has the same lengths as sound — and the same names.
- The Staff & Clefs — https://learnposters.com/p/the-staff-and-clefs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/the-staff-and-clefs.pdf — Treble clef (G) against Bass clef (F), side by side. Five lines, four spaces, and the two clefs that tell you which notes they are.
- Time Signatures — https://learnposters.com/p/time-signatures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/time-signatures.pdf — A 6-row table: Signature · Count it · Feels like. What the two numbers mean, and how the common ones feel to count.
- Dynamics & Tempo — https://learnposters.com/p/dynamics-and-tempo — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dynamics-and-tempo.pdf — 18 entries in 3 groups. How loud and how fast — the Italian, in order, with numbers where they exist.
- Articulation — https://learnposters.com/p/articulation-marks — https://learnposters.com/pdf/articulation-marks.pdf — A 6-row table: Mark · Name · Play it. The marks that say how a note is played, not which note it is.
- Repeats & Road Map — https://learnposters.com/p/repeat-signs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/repeat-signs.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. The signs that tell you where to go next, and the order to obey them in.
- Accidentals — https://learnposters.com/p/accidentals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/accidentals.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Sharps, flats and naturals — and exactly how long each one lasts.
- Ties, Slurs & Dots — https://learnposters.com/p/ties-and-slurs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ties-and-slurs.pdf — Tie against Slur, side by side. Three marks that change duration or phrasing, and how to tell them apart.
- Ornaments — https://learnposters.com/p/ornaments — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ornaments.pdf — A 7-row table: Ornament · Symbol · Play. Trills, mordents, turns and grace notes — what each squiggle actually asks for.
- Parts of a Note — https://learnposters.com/p/note-anatomy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/note-anatomy.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Notehead, stem, flag and beam — the four parts and the rules for each.
- Ledger Lines & Octave Marks — https://learnposters.com/p/ledger-lines — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ledger-lines.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Reading beyond the five lines, and the shorthand that avoids it.
- Reading a Score — https://learnposters.com/p/score-layout — https://learnposters.com/pdf/score-layout.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How a full score is organised, and where to look for what.
- Transposing Instruments — https://learnposters.com/p/transposing-instruments — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transposing-instruments.pdf — A 7-row table: Instrument · Key · Written → sounds. Which instruments sound a different note from the one written, and by how much.

#### Theory — Keys, intervals, chords and the relationships underneath them.

- The Circle of Fifths — https://learnposters.com/p/circle-of-fifths — https://learnposters.com/pdf/circle-of-fifths.pdf — A 10-row table: Key · Signature · Relative minor. Every key signature in order, sharps one way and flats the other.
- Order of Sharps & Flats — https://learnposters.com/p/order-of-sharps-and-flats — https://learnposters.com/pdf/order-of-sharps-and-flats.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Sharps and flats always arrive in the same order — and the order is one list, backwards.
- The Major Scale — https://learnposters.com/p/major-scale-formula — https://learnposters.com/pdf/major-scale-formula.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. One pattern of tones and semitones builds every major scale there is.
- Intervals — https://learnposters.com/p/intervals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/intervals.pdf — A 10-row table: Interval · Semitones · Starts like. Every interval in semitones, with a song that opens on each one.
- Building Chords — https://learnposters.com/p/chord-construction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chord-construction.pdf — A 9-row table: Chord · Semitones · On C. Every chord is a stack of intervals measured from its root.
- Major Key Signatures — https://learnposters.com/p/key-signatures-major — https://learnposters.com/pdf/key-signatures-major.pdf — A 8-row table: Key · Sharps · Key / Flats. All fifteen major keys with their signatures, and how to name one on sight.
- Minor Key Signatures — https://learnposters.com/p/key-signatures-minor — https://learnposters.com/pdf/key-signatures-minor.pdf — A 9-row table: Minor key · Signature · Relative major. Every minor key, its signature, and the major it borrows that signature from.
- Relative & Parallel Keys — https://learnposters.com/p/relative-and-parallel-keys — https://learnposters.com/pdf/relative-and-parallel-keys.pdf — Relative — shares the notes against Parallel — shares the tonic, side by side. Two ways a major and a minor key can relate, and why they get confused.
- Chord Inversions — https://learnposters.com/p/chord-inversions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chord-inversions.pdf — A 4-row table: Position · Bass note · C major. The same chord with a different note at the bottom, and how it is written.
- Seventh Chords — https://learnposters.com/p/seventh-chords — https://learnposters.com/pdf/seventh-chords.pdf — A 5-row table: Chord · Built from · Feels. The five seventh chords, what each one wants to do, and where it appears.
- Roman Numerals — https://learnposters.com/p/roman-numeral-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/roman-numeral-analysis.pdf — A 7-row table: Numeral · Chord in C · Quality. Naming chords by their position in the key, so a progression works in every key at once.
- Chord Progressions — https://learnposters.com/p/common-progressions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/common-progressions.pdf — A 7-row table: Progression · In C · Heard in. The handful of chord progressions that carry most of popular music.
- Cadences — https://learnposters.com/p/cadences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cadences.pdf — A 4-row table: Cadence · Chords · Sounds. The four ways a musical phrase can end, and how final each one sounds.
- The Harmonic Series — https://learnposters.com/p/the-harmonic-series — https://learnposters.com/pdf/the-harmonic-series.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why some intervals sound consonant — the physics under all of harmony.
- Consonance & Dissonance — https://learnposters.com/p/consonance-and-dissonance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/consonance-and-dissonance.pdf — 16 entries in 4 groups. Which intervals settle and which ones pull, ranked.
- Voice Leading — https://learnposters.com/p/voice-leading — https://learnposters.com/pdf/voice-leading.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Four rules that make chord changes sound smooth rather than blocky.
- Secondary Dominants — https://learnposters.com/p/secondary-dominants — https://learnposters.com/pdf/secondary-dominants.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Borrowing a chord's own dominant to strengthen the move to it.
- Modulation — https://learnposters.com/p/modulation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/modulation.pdf — A 4-row table: Method · How · Effect. Four ways to change key without it sounding like an accident.
- Extended Chords — https://learnposters.com/p/extended-chords — https://learnposters.com/pdf/extended-chords.pdf — A 6-row table: Chord · Adds · On C. Ninths, elevenths and thirteenths — what gets added and what gets left out.
- Suspensions — https://learnposters.com/p/suspensions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/suspensions.pdf — 3 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Delaying a note so it clashes, then letting it fall into place.
- Borrowed Chords — https://learnposters.com/p/borrowed-chords — https://learnposters.com/pdf/borrowed-chords.pdf — A 5-row table: Chord · In C · Effect. Taking a chord from the parallel key to darken or brighten a progression.
- Tritone Substitution — https://learnposters.com/p/tritone-substitution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tritone-substitution.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Swapping a dominant chord for the one a tritone away, and why it works.

#### Scales & modes — Every scale worth practising, with its formula and its sound.

- The Natural Minor — https://learnposters.com/p/natural-minor-scale — https://learnposters.com/pdf/natural-minor-scale.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The minor scale formula, and the shortcut from any major scale you already know.
- The Harmonic Minor — https://learnposters.com/p/harmonic-minor-scale — https://learnposters.com/pdf/harmonic-minor-scale.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. One raised note that gives the minor key a proper dominant chord.
- The Melodic Minor — https://learnposters.com/p/melodic-minor-scale — https://learnposters.com/pdf/melodic-minor-scale.pdf — Classical melodic minor against Jazz melodic minor, side by side. The scale that changes on the way down — and the jazz version that does not.
- The Seven Modes — https://learnposters.com/p/the-seven-modes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/the-seven-modes.pdf — A 7-row table: Mode · From · Character. All seven modes in order, each with the one note that defines it.
- Dorian — https://learnposters.com/p/dorian-mode — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dorian-mode.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The minor mode with a raised sixth — the sound of folk, funk and modal jazz.
- Mixolydian — https://learnposters.com/p/mixolydian-mode — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mixolydian-mode.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Major with a flattened seventh — the sound of blues rock and bagpipes.
- Lydian — https://learnposters.com/p/lydian-mode — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lydian-mode.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Major with a raised fourth — the floating, cinematic one.
- Phrygian — https://learnposters.com/p/phrygian-mode — https://learnposters.com/pdf/phrygian-mode.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Minor with a flattened second — the darkest common mode.
- Major Pentatonic — https://learnposters.com/p/major-pentatonic — https://learnposters.com/pdf/major-pentatonic.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Five notes that cannot sound wrong over a major chord.
- Minor Pentatonic — https://learnposters.com/p/minor-pentatonic — https://learnposters.com/pdf/minor-pentatonic.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The five notes behind almost every rock and blues solo ever played.
- The Blues Scale — https://learnposters.com/p/blues-scale — https://learnposters.com/pdf/blues-scale.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Minor pentatonic plus one note, and what that note is doing.
- Chromatic & Whole Tone — https://learnposters.com/p/chromatic-and-whole-tone — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chromatic-and-whole-tone.pdf — Chromatic — 12 notes against Whole tone — 6 notes, side by side. The two symmetrical scales — every semitone, and every whole tone.

#### Instruments — Fingerings, chord shapes and layouts you can hold a hand against.

- The Piano Keyboard — https://learnposters.com/p/piano-keyboard-layout — https://learnposters.com/pdf/piano-keyboard-layout.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why black keys come in twos and threes, and how to find any note.
- Guitar: Open Chords — https://learnposters.com/p/guitar-open-chords — https://learnposters.com/pdf/guitar-open-chords.pdf — 11 entries in 3 groups. The eight shapes that between them play most songs ever written.
- Guitar: Barre Chords — https://learnposters.com/p/guitar-barre-chords — https://learnposters.com/pdf/guitar-barre-chords.pdf — A 8-row table: Fret · E-shape (6th str) · A-shape (5th str). Two movable shapes that give you every major and minor chord on the neck.
- Guitar: The Fretboard — https://learnposters.com/p/guitar-fretboard-notes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/guitar-fretboard-notes.pdf — A 8-row table: Fret · 6th string (E) · 5th string (A). Every note on the neck, and the three shortcuts that avoid memorising all of them.
- Guitar: CAGED — https://learnposters.com/p/guitar-caged-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/guitar-caged-system.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Five chord shapes that connect to cover the entire fretboard.
- Guitar: Strumming — https://learnposters.com/p/guitar-strumming-patterns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/guitar-strumming-patterns.pdf — A 6-row table: Pattern · Strokes · Suits. Six patterns that cover most songs, written in down- and up-strokes.
- Ukulele Chords — https://learnposters.com/p/ukulele-chords — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ukulele-chords.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. The first dozen shapes, in standard GCEA tuning.
- Bass Guitar — https://learnposters.com/p/bass-guitar-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bass-guitar-basics.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Tuning, the role, and the two patterns that cover most parts.
- Violin Fingerboard — https://learnposters.com/p/violin-fingerboard — https://learnposters.com/pdf/violin-fingerboard.pdf — A 4-row table: String · 0 · 1 · 2 · 3 · 4. First position on all four strings, and where the semitones fall.
- Cello Basics — https://learnposters.com/p/cello-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cello-basics.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Tuning, first position and the bowing terms on the page.
- The Drum Kit — https://learnposters.com/p/drum-kit-layout — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drum-kit-layout.pdf — A 7-row table: Piece · Notated · Job. What each drum and cymbal is called, and what it usually does.
- Drum Rudiments — https://learnposters.com/p/drum-rudiments — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drum-rudiments.pdf — A 7-row table: Rudiment · Sticking · Used for. The core sticking patterns everything else is assembled from.
- Basic Drum Beats — https://learnposters.com/p/drum-beats — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drum-beats.pdf — A 6-row table: Groove · Kick · Snare. Six grooves, written out, covering most popular styles.
- Recorder Fingering — https://learnposters.com/p/recorder-fingering — https://learnposters.com/pdf/recorder-fingering.pdf — A 8-row table: Note · Thumb + left · Right. The full descant fingering chart, thumb and all eight holes.
- The Brass Family — https://learnposters.com/p/brass-family — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brass-family.pdf — A 6-row table: Instrument · Key · Range. How brass instruments make notes, and what distinguishes each one.
- The Woodwind Family — https://learnposters.com/p/woodwind-family — https://learnposters.com/pdf/woodwind-family.pdf — A 6-row table: Instrument · How · Key. Reeds, no reeds, and what actually separates the instruments.
- The String Family — https://learnposters.com/p/string-family — https://learnposters.com/pdf/string-family.pdf — A 6-row table: Instrument · Tuning · Clef. The orchestral strings by range, tuning and clef.
- Harmonica Layout — https://learnposters.com/p/harmonica-layout — https://learnposters.com/pdf/harmonica-layout.pdf — A 10-row table: Hole · Blow · Draw. Blow and draw notes on a ten-hole diatonic in C, and what cross harp means.
- Orchestra Seating — https://learnposters.com/p/orchestra-seating — https://learnposters.com/pdf/orchestra-seating.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Where each section sits, and why it is arranged that way.
- Vocal Ranges — https://learnposters.com/p/vocal-ranges — https://learnposters.com/pdf/vocal-ranges.pdf — A 6-row table: Voice · Range · Sits around. The six standard voice types with their comfortable ranges.
- Percussion — https://learnposters.com/p/percussion-family — https://learnposters.com/pdf/percussion-family.pdf — Pitched — plays notes against Unpitched — colour and rhythm, side by side. Pitched and unpitched percussion, and what each is used for.
- Instrument Ranges — https://learnposters.com/p/instrument-ranges — https://learnposters.com/pdf/instrument-ranges.pdf — A 10-row table: Instrument · Low · High. Where each common instrument sits, so an arrangement stays playable.

#### Rhythm — Counting, subdivision, and the feels that resist notation.

- Counting Rhythms — https://learnposters.com/p/counting-rhythms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/counting-rhythms.pdf — A 6-row table: Division · Count · Per beat. The syllables that make a rhythm countable out loud, and where each one lands.
- Subdivision — https://learnposters.com/p/subdivision — https://learnposters.com/pdf/subdivision.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Counting the smallest note in the bar fixes most timing problems.
- Syncopation — https://learnposters.com/p/syncopation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/syncopation.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Stressing the weak part of the beat, and the patterns that come from it.
- Swing & Shuffle — https://learnposters.com/p/swing-and-shuffle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/swing-and-shuffle.pdf — Straight eighths against Swung eighths, side by side. What 'swing' actually does to written eighth notes, and how much.
- Tuplets — https://learnposters.com/p/tuplets — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tuplets.pdf — A 5-row table: Tuplet · Means · Say it. Fitting a number of notes into a space that does not divide evenly.
- Polyrhythm — https://learnposters.com/p/polyrhythm — https://learnposters.com/pdf/polyrhythm.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two rhythms at once — how to count 3 against 2 and 4 against 3.
- Simple & Compound Metre — https://learnposters.com/p/simple-vs-compound-metre — https://learnposters.com/pdf/simple-vs-compound-metre.pdf — Simple — beat splits in 2 against Compound — beat splits in 3, side by side. Why 6/8 is not 3/4, and how to tell which one you are in.
- Conducting Patterns — https://learnposters.com/p/conducting-patterns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/conducting-patterns.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The beat shapes for 2, 3 and 4, and where the downbeat lands.
- Using a Metronome — https://learnposters.com/p/metronome-practice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/metronome-practice.pdf — 15 entries in 4 groups. Five ways to use one that are more useful than clicking on every beat.
- Clave & Groove Patterns — https://learnposters.com/p/clave-and-groove-patterns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/clave-and-groove-patterns.pdf — A 6-row table: Pattern · Hits on · Found in. The rhythmic cells that organise Latin, funk and African music.

#### Ear & practice — How to practise so it sticks, and how to hear what you are playing.

- Interval Ear Training — https://learnposters.com/p/interval-ear-training — https://learnposters.com/pdf/interval-ear-training.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A method for learning to name intervals by ear, not just a list of songs.
- A Practice Routine — https://learnposters.com/p/practice-routine — https://learnposters.com/pdf/practice-routine.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How to structure a session so the hard parts actually improve.
- Sight Reading — https://learnposters.com/p/sight-reading — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sight-reading.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What to look at before you play, and the rule that governs the whole attempt.
- Warming Up — https://learnposters.com/p/warm-up-exercises — https://learnposters.com/pdf/warm-up-exercises.pdf — 16 entries in 4 groups. What a warm-up is for, and what belongs in one for each instrument family.
- Memorising Music — https://learnposters.com/p/memorising-music — https://learnposters.com/pdf/memorising-music.pdf — The fragile kinds against The robust kinds, side by side. Four kinds of memory, and why relying on only one fails on stage.
- Practising Slowly — https://learnposters.com/p/practising-slowly — https://learnposters.com/pdf/practising-slowly.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why slow practice works, and the specific way to raise the tempo.
- Performance Nerves — https://learnposters.com/p/performance-nerves — https://learnposters.com/pdf/performance-nerves.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What nerves do to the body, and the preparation that reduces them.
- Transposing — https://learnposters.com/p/transposition-practice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transposition-practice.pdf — A 4-row table: Method · How · Best for. Three methods for moving music to a different key, and when each is quickest.
- Hearing Chords — https://learnposters.com/p/chord-ear-training — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chord-ear-training.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Learning to name a chord and a progression by ear.
- Recording Yourself — https://learnposters.com/p/recording-yourself — https://learnposters.com/pdf/recording-yourself.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The single fastest way to find out what you actually sound like.

#### Production — Recording, mixing and the numbers behind a good-sounding track.

- DAW Basics — https://learnposters.com/p/daw-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/daw-basics.pdf — A 8-row table: Term · What it is. The vocabulary of every recording program, whichever one you use.
- EQ Frequencies — https://learnposters.com/p/eq-frequency-chart — https://learnposters.com/pdf/eq-frequency-chart.pdf — A 7-row table: Band · Range · Holds. What lives at each frequency, and what cutting or boosting there does.
- Compression — https://learnposters.com/p/compression-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/compression-basics.pdf — A 6-row table: Control · Does · Start at. What each control does, and starting points for common sources.
- Gain Staging — https://learnposters.com/p/gain-staging — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gain-staging.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Keeping levels sensible from input to master, and why it matters less than it used to.
- Reverb & Delay — https://learnposters.com/p/reverb-and-delay — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reverb-and-delay.pdf — Reverb — a space against Delay — distinct repeats, side by side. The controls on each, and how to place a sound without losing it.
- MIDI Basics — https://learnposters.com/p/midi-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/midi-basics.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What MIDI actually is, and the messages behind every note you enter.
- Audio File Formats — https://learnposters.com/p/audio-file-formats — https://learnposters.com/pdf/audio-file-formats.pdf — A 6-row table: Format · Type · Use for. Which format to use for recording, for delivery and for the web.
- Microphone Types — https://learnposters.com/p/microphone-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/microphone-types.pdf — A 3-row table: Type · Good at · Watch for. The three kinds, what each is good at, and where to point it.
- Stereo & Panning — https://learnposters.com/p/stereo-and-panning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stereo-and-panning.pdf — 14 entries in 4 groups. Where to place things across the image, and the two rules that keep it stable.
- Loudness & Mastering — https://learnposters.com/p/mastering-loudness — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mastering-loudness.pdf — A 5-row table: Platform · Target · Effect. What LUFS means, what streaming does with it, and why loud lost.

### Computing (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/computing — The reference every programmer re-Googles once a week.

#### Foundations — Number systems, data structures, complexity — what is under everything else.

- Big-O Complexity — https://learnposters.com/p/big-o-complexity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/big-o-complexity.pdf — A 7-row table: Class · Name · At n = 1M. How an algorithm's cost grows, from constant to catastrophic.
- Data Structure Costs — https://learnposters.com/p/data-structure-costs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/data-structure-costs.pdf — A 7-row table: Structure · Access · Search / Insert. What each structure is fast at, and what it is slow at — how to choose.
- Binary, Hex & Decimal — https://learnposters.com/p/binary-hex-decimal — https://learnposters.com/pdf/binary-hex-decimal.pdf — A 10-row table: Dec · Binary · Hex. The three bases side by side, with the trick for converting in your head.
- Bits, Bytes & Sizes — https://learnposters.com/p/bits-and-bytes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bits-and-bytes.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What the units actually mean, and why a 1 TB drive shows up as 931 GB.
- Floating Point — https://learnposters.com/p/floating-point — https://learnposters.com/pdf/floating-point.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why 0.1 + 0.2 is not 0.3, and what to do about it.
- Unicode & Encoding — https://learnposters.com/p/unicode-and-encoding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/unicode-and-encoding.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Characters, code points and bytes — and where mojibake comes from.
- Sorting Algorithms — https://learnposters.com/p/sorting-algorithms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sorting-algorithms.pdf — A 7-row table: Algorithm · Average · Stable. The classic sorts, their costs, and which one your language actually uses.
- Recursion — https://learnposters.com/p/recursion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/recursion.pdf — 3 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The two parts every recursive function needs, and when to avoid it.
- Graph Traversal — https://learnposters.com/p/graph-traversal — https://learnposters.com/pdf/graph-traversal.pdf — Depth-first (DFS) against Breadth-first (BFS), side by side. Depth-first and breadth-first — the two ways to walk anything connected.
- Hash Tables — https://learnposters.com/p/hash-tables — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hash-tables.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How O(1) lookup actually works, and when it stops being O(1).
- Bitwise Operations — https://learnposters.com/p/bitwise-operations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bitwise-operations.pdf — A 6-row table: Operator · Does · Example. The six operators, what each does, and the tricks worth knowing.
- Boolean Logic — https://learnposters.com/p/truth-tables — https://learnposters.com/pdf/truth-tables.pdf — A 4-row table: A · B · AND · OR · XOR · NAND. The logic gates, their truth tables, and De Morgan's laws.
- Time & Time Zones — https://learnposters.com/p/time-and-timezones — https://learnposters.com/pdf/time-and-timezones.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. The rules that prevent the entire category of date bugs.
- Compiled & Interpreted — https://learnposters.com/p/compilation-vs-interpretation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/compilation-vs-interpretation.pdf — Compiled ahead of time against Interpreted / JIT, side by side. What happens between your source code and a running program.

#### Tools — Git, the terminal, regular expressions: the daily drivers.

- Git: Everyday Commands — https://learnposters.com/p/git-everyday — https://learnposters.com/pdf/git-everyday.pdf — A 10-row table: Command · What it does. The dozen commands that cover almost every normal day.
- Git: Undoing Things — https://learnposters.com/p/git-undo — https://learnposters.com/pdf/git-undo.pdf — A 8-row table: To undo · Command · Safe?. The command for each kind of mistake — and which ones destroy work.
- Regular Expressions — https://learnposters.com/p/regex-syntax — https://learnposters.com/pdf/regex-syntax.pdf — 21 entries in 4 groups. Every metacharacter worth knowing, with what it matches.
- The Terminal — https://learnposters.com/p/terminal-commands — https://learnposters.com/pdf/terminal-commands.pdf — 18 entries in 4 groups. Navigation, files and processes — the commands underneath every tool.
- Editor Shortcuts — https://learnposters.com/p/keyboard-shortcuts-editor — https://learnposters.com/pdf/keyboard-shortcuts-editor.pdf — 18 entries in 4 groups. The two dozen keystrokes that stop you reaching for the mouse.
- Merge vs Rebase — https://learnposters.com/p/git-merge-vs-rebase — https://learnposters.com/pdf/git-merge-vs-rebase.pdf — Merge against Rebase, side by side. Two ways to integrate a branch, and which one to use where.
- Stash & Worktree — https://learnposters.com/p/git-stash-and-worktree — https://learnposters.com/pdf/git-stash-and-worktree.pdf — A 8-row table: Command · Does. Two ways to put work aside and come back to it.
- Git Bisect — https://learnposters.com/p/git-bisect — https://learnposters.com/pdf/git-bisect.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Finding the commit that broke something, by binary search.
- Useful Git Config — https://learnposters.com/p/git-config — https://learnposters.com/pdf/git-config.pdf — 14 entries in 4 groups. The settings worth putting in your global config on a new machine.
- SSH Keys — https://learnposters.com/p/ssh-keys — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ssh-keys.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Generating, adding and using a key pair instead of a password.
- Docker Basics — https://learnposters.com/p/docker-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/docker-basics.pdf — A 8-row table: Command · Does. The commands and the three concepts underneath them.
- Writing a Dockerfile — https://learnposters.com/p/dockerfile-practices — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dockerfile-practices.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The instruction order that keeps builds fast and images small.
- Makefiles — https://learnposters.com/p/makefiles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/makefiles.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. A task runner that works everywhere, and the two rules that trip you up.
- Debugging Method — https://learnposters.com/p/debugging-method — https://learnposters.com/pdf/debugging-method.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A procedure for finding a bug, rather than guessing at it.
- Code Review — https://learnposters.com/p/code-review — https://learnposters.com/pdf/code-review.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. What to look for, and what to leave to the linter.
- Commit Messages — https://learnposters.com/p/semantic-commits — https://learnposters.com/pdf/semantic-commits.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What belongs in a commit message, and the convention worth adopting.

#### The web — HTTP, CSS layout, and how a request actually travels.

- HTTP Status Codes — https://learnposters.com/p/http-status-codes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/http-status-codes.pdf — A 12-row table: Code · Name · Means. The codes you actually meet, grouped by who is at fault.
- HTTP Methods — https://learnposters.com/p/http-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/http-methods.pdf — A 7-row table: Method · Safe · Idempotent. What each verb promises, and which ones are safe to retry.
- CSS Flexbox — https://learnposters.com/p/css-flexbox — https://learnposters.com/pdf/css-flexbox.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. One axis, two alignment properties, and the handful of values that do everything.
- CSS Grid — https://learnposters.com/p/css-grid — https://learnposters.com/pdf/css-grid.pdf — 15 entries in 4 groups. Two dimensions at once: the properties for rows, columns and placement.
- Loading a Web Page — https://learnposters.com/p/what-happens-when-you-load-a-page — https://learnposters.com/pdf/what-happens-when-you-load-a-page.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Every step between typing a URL and seeing pixels.
- Semantic HTML — https://learnposters.com/p/semantic-html — https://learnposters.com/pdf/semantic-html.pdf — A 8-row table: Element · For. The elements that carry meaning, and why a div is not one of them.
- Accessibility — https://learnposters.com/p/accessibility-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/accessibility-basics.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The checks that catch most barriers, in the order worth doing them.
- ARIA — https://learnposters.com/p/aria-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/aria-basics.pdf — 11 entries in 3 groups. When to use ARIA, and the rule that makes it mostly unnecessary.
- CORS — https://learnposters.com/p/cors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cors.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Why the browser blocks a request, and what actually fixes it.
- Cookies & Storage — https://learnposters.com/p/cookies-and-storage — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cookies-and-storage.pdf — A 4-row table: Store · Sent to server? · Use for. Four places a browser can keep data, and which to use.
- Web Performance — https://learnposters.com/p/web-performance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/web-performance.pdf — A 4-row table: Metric · Good · Improved by. The metrics that are measured, and what actually moves each one.
- Responsive Design — https://learnposters.com/p/responsive-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/responsive-design.pdf — 17 entries in 4 groups. Breakpoints, units and the approach that needs fewest of them.
- How a Browser Renders — https://learnposters.com/p/browser-rendering — https://learnposters.com/pdf/browser-rendering.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The pipeline from HTML to pixels, and which changes are cheap.
- HTTP Headers — https://learnposters.com/p/http-headers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/http-headers.pdf — A 8-row table: Header · Direction · Does. The request and response headers worth knowing by name.

#### Languages — Python, JavaScript, SQL and the syntax you look up mid-file.

- Python Syntax — https://learnposters.com/p/python-syntax — https://learnposters.com/pdf/python-syntax.pdf — 16 entries in 4 groups. The core syntax on one sheet — collections, control flow and functions.
- Python Data Structures — https://learnposters.com/p/python-data-structures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/python-data-structures.pdf — A 7-row table: Structure · Lookup · Use when. Which built-in to reach for, with the cost of the operations you will do.
- JavaScript Syntax — https://learnposters.com/p/javascript-syntax — https://learnposters.com/pdf/javascript-syntax.pdf — 16 entries in 4 groups. Modern JavaScript essentials — declarations, functions, destructuring, modules.
- JS Array Methods — https://learnposters.com/p/javascript-array-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/javascript-array-methods.pdf — A 10-row table: Method · Returns · Mutates?. Which method to reach for, and which ones change the original array.
- JavaScript Equality — https://learnposters.com/p/javascript-equality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/javascript-equality.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why == and === differ, and the coercion table that explains the surprises.
- TypeScript Types — https://learnposters.com/p/typescript-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/typescript-types.pdf — 19 entries in 4 groups. The type vocabulary, from primitives to the utility types worth knowing.
- SQL Basics — https://learnposters.com/p/sql-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sql-basics.pdf — A 8-row table: Written · Runs · Does. The clauses of a SELECT, in written order and in the order they run.
- SQL Joins — https://learnposters.com/p/sql-joins — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sql-joins.pdf — A 5-row table: Join · Keeps · Use for. The four joins, what each keeps, and the one that silently multiplies rows.
- SQL Aggregates — https://learnposters.com/p/sql-aggregates — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sql-aggregates.pdf — A 6-row table: Function · Ignores NULL? · Note. GROUP BY, the aggregate functions, and where each filter belongs.
- Regex Lookarounds — https://learnposters.com/p/regex-lookarounds — https://learnposters.com/pdf/regex-lookarounds.pdf — A 4-row table: Syntax · Name · Matches when. Zero-width assertions — matching by what surrounds a thing, without consuming it.
- Bash Scripting — https://learnposters.com/p/bash-scripting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bash-scripting.pdf — 17 entries in 4 groups. Variables, tests and loops, plus the two lines to start every script.
- JSON & YAML — https://learnposters.com/p/json-and-yaml — https://learnposters.com/pdf/json-and-yaml.pdf — JSON against YAML, side by side. What each format allows, and the YAML gotchas that bite.
- Branching Models — https://learnposters.com/p/git-branching-model — https://learnposters.com/pdf/git-branching-model.pdf — A 4-row table: Model · Branches · Suits. Three common workflows, and what each one is optimising for.
- Semantic Versioning — https://learnposters.com/p/semantic-versioning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/semantic-versioning.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What each number means, and what the range operators actually allow.
- REST API Design — https://learnposters.com/p/api-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/api-design.pdf — 17 entries in 4 groups. Conventions that make an API predictable, and the ones worth arguing about.
- Error Handling — https://learnposters.com/p/error-handling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/error-handling.pdf — Exceptions against Return values, side by side. Patterns across languages, and the rule that applies in all of them.

#### Data — Databases, formats, statistics and the shapes data arrives in.

- Normalisation — https://learnposters.com/p/database-normalisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/database-normalisation.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The first three normal forms, in the order you apply them.
- Indexes — https://learnposters.com/p/sql-indexes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sql-indexes.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What an index does, when it helps, and what it costs.
- ACID — https://learnposters.com/p/acid-properties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/acid-properties.pdf — A 4-row table: Property · Means. The four guarantees a transactional database makes.
- Isolation Levels — https://learnposters.com/p/transaction-isolation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transaction-isolation.pdf — A 4-row table: Level · Dirty read · Phantom. Four levels, and which anomalies each one still permits.
- SQL vs NoSQL — https://learnposters.com/p/sql-vs-nosql — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sql-vs-nosql.pdf — Relational against Document / key-value, side by side. What each is actually optimised for, past the marketing.
- The CAP Theorem — https://learnposters.com/p/cap-theorem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cap-theorem.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The trade-off every distributed system makes, stated precisely.
- Data Formats — https://learnposters.com/p/data-formats — https://learnposters.com/pdf/data-formats.pdf — A 7-row table: Format · Shape · Best for. Which serialisation format to use, and what each trades away.
- Descriptive Statistics — https://learnposters.com/p/descriptive-statistics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/descriptive-statistics.pdf — A 6-row table: Measure · Is · Misleads when. Mean, median, mode and spread — and when each one misleads.
- Correlation & Causation — https://learnposters.com/p/correlation-and-causation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/correlation-and-causation.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. What a correlation coefficient tells you, and the four things it might mean.
- Sampling & Bias — https://learnposters.com/p/sampling-and-bias — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sampling-and-bias.pdf — A 6-row table: Bias · What happens. Where a dataset goes wrong before any analysis begins.
- Data Cleaning — https://learnposters.com/p/data-cleaning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/data-cleaning.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The checks worth running on any dataset before analysing it.
- Choosing a Chart — https://learnposters.com/p/chart-selection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chart-selection.pdf — A 7-row table: Question · Chart. Which chart answers which question — and the two to avoid.

#### Security — Auth, crypto, and the failures that keep happening.

- Storing Passwords — https://learnposters.com/p/password-storage — https://learnposters.com/pdf/password-storage.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How passwords must be stored, and what each term in the recipe is for.
- AuthN vs AuthZ — https://learnposters.com/p/authentication-vs-authorisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/authentication-vs-authorisation.pdf — AuthN — who are you against AuthZ — what may you do, side by side. Two words one letter apart that solve completely different problems.
- Common Web Risks — https://learnposters.com/p/owasp-top-risks — https://learnposters.com/pdf/owasp-top-risks.pdf — A 8-row table: Risk · Prevented by. The vulnerability classes that account for most real breaches.
- SQL Injection — https://learnposters.com/p/sql-injection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sql-injection.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How it works, and the one fix that actually stops it.
- XSS & CSRF — https://learnposters.com/p/xss-and-csrf — https://learnposters.com/pdf/xss-and-csrf.pdf — XSS — injected script against CSRF — forged request, side by side. Two browser attacks constantly confused, and the defence for each.
- HTTPS & TLS — https://learnposters.com/p/https-and-tls — https://learnposters.com/pdf/https-and-tls.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What the padlock actually guarantees, and what it does not.
- Hashing vs Encryption — https://learnposters.com/p/hashing-vs-encryption — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hashing-vs-encryption.pdf — Hashing — one way against Encryption — two way, side by side. One is reversible and one is not — and choosing wrong is a breach.
- Secrets — https://learnposters.com/p/api-keys-and-secrets — https://learnposters.com/pdf/api-keys-and-secrets.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. Where credentials must not go, and what to do when one leaks.
- MFA & Passkeys — https://learnposters.com/p/mfa-and-passkeys — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mfa-and-passkeys.pdf — A 6-row table: Method · Phishable? · Note. The factors ranked by how well they resist phishing.
- Threat Modelling — https://learnposters.com/p/threat-modelling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/threat-modelling.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Four questions that surface most design-level security problems.

#### Systems — Processes, memory, networking and how a machine actually runs.

- Processes & Threads — https://learnposters.com/p/process-vs-thread — https://learnposters.com/pdf/process-vs-thread.pdf — Process against Thread, side by side. What each one owns, and why the difference decides how you parallelise.
- Concurrency & Parallelism — https://learnposters.com/p/concurrency-vs-parallelism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/concurrency-vs-parallelism.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two words used interchangeably that mean different things.
- Memory Hierarchy — https://learnposters.com/p/memory-hierarchy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/memory-hierarchy.pdf — A 8-row table: Level · Real time · If a cycle were 1s. How far away each kind of storage is, in time the CPU can feel.
- Stack & Heap — https://learnposters.com/p/stack-vs-heap — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stack-vs-heap.pdf — Stack against Heap, side by side. Where a variable actually lives, and what that costs.
- Garbage Collection — https://learnposters.com/p/garbage-collection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/garbage-collection.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How automatic memory management works, and what it costs you.
- The Network Stack — https://learnposters.com/p/networking-layers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/networking-layers.pdf — A 4-row table: Layer · Carries · Examples. The layers a packet passes through, and what each adds.
- DNS — https://learnposters.com/p/dns-explained — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dns-explained.pdf — A 7-row table: Record · Points to · Used for. How a name becomes an address, and what each record type does.
- Caching — https://learnposters.com/p/caching-strategies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/caching-strategies.pdf — A 5-row table: Strategy · How · Risk. Where to cache, how to invalidate, and the failure modes of each.
- Load Balancing — https://learnposters.com/p/load-balancing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/load-balancing.pdf — A 5-row table: Algorithm · Sends to · Best when. How traffic is spread across servers, and what each algorithm assumes.
- HTTP Caching — https://learnposters.com/p/http-caching-headers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/http-caching-headers.pdf — A 7-row table: Header · Effect. The headers that control browser and CDN caching, and what each does.

#### AI & ML — Models, prompts, embeddings and the vocabulary around them.

- LLM Vocabulary — https://learnposters.com/p/llm-vocabulary — https://learnposters.com/pdf/llm-vocabulary.pdf — A 8-row table: Term · Means. The words that appear in every model announcement, defined plainly.
- Structuring a Prompt — https://learnposters.com/p/prompt-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/prompt-structure.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The parts of a prompt that reliably improve an answer.
- Temperature & Sampling — https://learnposters.com/p/temperature-and-sampling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/temperature-and-sampling.pdf — A 6-row table: Parameter · Range · Effect. The parameters that control randomness, and what to set them to.
- Embeddings — https://learnposters.com/p/embeddings — https://learnposters.com/pdf/embeddings.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Turning text into vectors so that meaning becomes distance.
- Retrieval-Augmented Generation — https://learnposters.com/p/rag-pipeline — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rag-pipeline.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The pipeline that lets a model answer from your documents.
- Kinds of Model — https://learnposters.com/p/model-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/model-types.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Trained on · Produces. Supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement, generative: the differences.
- Evaluating AI Output — https://learnposters.com/p/evaluating-ai-output — https://learnposters.com/pdf/evaluating-ai-output.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. How to check an answer, and the failure modes to check for specifically.
- Tokens & Cost — https://learnposters.com/p/tokens-and-cost — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tokens-and-cost.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How usage is billed, and where the money actually goes.

### Body & health (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/health — How the body is put together, and what to do when it goes wrong.

#### Anatomy — Bones, muscles and the major systems, labelled.

- The Skeleton — https://learnposters.com/p/skeletal-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/skeletal-system.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. 206 bones, grouped the way anatomists group them, with the ones worth naming.
- Major Muscles — https://learnposters.com/p/major-muscle-groups — https://learnposters.com/pdf/major-muscle-groups.pdf — A 11-row table: Muscle · Where · Action. The main muscles by name, what each one does, and where it sits.
- The Body Systems — https://learnposters.com/p/body-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/body-systems.pdf — A 11-row table: System · Job · Key organs. Eleven systems, what each is for, and the organs that make it up.
- The Heart — https://learnposters.com/p/the-heart — https://learnposters.com/pdf/the-heart.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Four chambers, four valves, and the exact path a drop of blood takes.
- Digestion — https://learnposters.com/p/digestive-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/digestive-system.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The route food takes, how long each stage lasts, and what happens there.
- The Lungs — https://learnposters.com/p/respiratory-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/respiratory-system.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How air becomes oxygen in the blood, and the numbers behind a breath.
- The Nervous System — https://learnposters.com/p/nervous-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nervous-system.pdf — A 6-row table: Division · Contains · Controls. Central and peripheral, voluntary and automatic — how the divisions fit together.
- The Brain — https://learnposters.com/p/the-brain — https://learnposters.com/pdf/the-brain.pdf — A 8-row table: Region · Chiefly does. The lobes and structures, and what each is chiefly responsible for.
- The Skin — https://learnposters.com/p/the-skin — https://learnposters.com/pdf/the-skin.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Three layers, what each contains, and why it is called an organ.
- The Eye — https://learnposters.com/p/the-eye — https://learnposters.com/pdf/the-eye.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How light becomes an image, part by part.
- The Ear — https://learnposters.com/p/the-ear — https://learnposters.com/pdf/the-ear.pdf — A 3-row table: Section · Contains · Does. Outer, middle and inner — how a pressure wave becomes a nerve signal.
- The Kidneys — https://learnposters.com/p/the-kidneys — https://learnposters.com/pdf/the-kidneys.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What they filter, how much, and what the numbers on a blood test mean.
- The Liver — https://learnposters.com/p/the-liver — https://learnposters.com/pdf/the-liver.pdf — 14 entries in 4 groups. The organ with the most jobs, and what each one means for the rest of the body.
- The Immune System — https://learnposters.com/p/the-immune-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/the-immune-system.pdf — Innate — immediate against Adaptive — learned, side by side. Innate and adaptive immunity, and how a vaccine uses the second one.
- Joints — https://learnposters.com/p/joints-and-movement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/joints-and-movement.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · Example · Moves. The joint types and what movements each allows.
- Blood — https://learnposters.com/p/blood-composition — https://learnposters.com/pdf/blood-composition.pdf — A 4-row table: Component · Share · Job. What blood is made of, and what each part does.
- Blood Types — https://learnposters.com/p/blood-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/blood-types.pdf — A 7-row table: Type · Can give to · Can receive. The ABO and Rh systems, and who can give to whom.
- Hormones — https://learnposters.com/p/hormones — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hormones.pdf — A 7-row table: Gland · Hormone · Effect. The main endocrine glands, what each secretes, and what it does.
- Teeth — https://learnposters.com/p/teeth — https://learnposters.com/pdf/teeth.pdf — A 4-row table: Tooth · Adult count · For. The adult set, the child set, and what each tooth is shaped for.
- The Lymphatic System — https://learnposters.com/p/lymphatic-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lymphatic-system.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The drainage network most people never learn, and why it matters.
- Types of Muscle — https://learnposters.com/p/muscle-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/muscle-types.pdf — A 3-row table: Type · Where · Control. Three muscle tissues, and which of them you consciously control.
- The Spine — https://learnposters.com/p/posture-anatomy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/posture-anatomy.pdf — A 5-row table: Region · Vertebrae · Curve. The four curves, the regions, and what each part is built for.
- The Cell — https://learnposters.com/p/cell-structure-human — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cell-structure-human.pdf — A 8-row table: Organelle · Does. The organelles inside a human cell and what each does.
- DNA & Genes — https://learnposters.com/p/dna-and-genes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dna-and-genes.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. From base pairs to chromosomes, and what a gene actually is.

#### First aid — What to do in the first two minutes, before help arrives.

- First Aid: First Minutes — https://learnposters.com/p/first-aid-priorities — https://learnposters.com/pdf/first-aid-priorities.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The order of checks — because order is what people forget under stress.
- Choking — https://learnposters.com/p/choking-response — https://learnposters.com/pdf/choking-response.pdf — Mild — coughing, can speak against Severe — silent, cannot breathe, side by side. How to tell mild from severe, and what changes between them.
- Bleeding & Burns — https://learnposters.com/p/bleeding-and-burns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bleeding-and-burns.pdf — Serious bleeding against Burns, side by side. The two most common serious injuries, and what actually helps each.
- The Recovery Position — https://learnposters.com/p/recovery-position — https://learnposters.com/pdf/recovery-position.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. When to use it, and the sequence for getting someone into it.
- CPR — Adult — https://learnposters.com/p/cpr-adult — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cpr-adult.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Rate, depth and ratio — a reminder for trained responders.
- Using a Defibrillator — https://learnposters.com/p/using-a-defibrillator — https://learnposters.com/pdf/using-a-defibrillator.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What an AED does, and why anyone can use one.
- Recognising a Stroke — https://learnposters.com/p/recognising-a-stroke — https://learnposters.com/pdf/recognising-a-stroke.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The four-letter check, and why every minute counts.
- Heart Attack Signs — https://learnposters.com/p/recognising-a-heart-attack — https://learnposters.com/pdf/recognising-a-heart-attack.pdf — Typical against Easily missed, side by side. What it actually feels like, including the presentations that are missed.
- Anaphylaxis — https://learnposters.com/p/anaphylaxis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/anaphylaxis.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How to recognise a severe allergic reaction, and what to do.
- Head Injury — https://learnposters.com/p/head-injury — https://learnposters.com/pdf/head-injury.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. Which head injuries need immediate assessment, and what to watch for afterwards.
- Burn Depth — https://learnposters.com/p/burns-by-degree — https://learnposters.com/pdf/burns-by-degree.pdf — A 4-row table: Depth · Looks like · Care. How burns are classified, and which need medical care.
- Poisoning — https://learnposters.com/p/poisoning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/poisoning.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The first steps, and the two things never to do.
- Seizures — https://learnposters.com/p/seizure-response — https://learnposters.com/pdf/seizure-response.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What to do, what not to do, and when a seizure becomes an emergency.
- Cold & Heat Emergencies — https://learnposters.com/p/hypothermia-and-heatstroke — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hypothermia-and-heatstroke.pdf — Hypothermia against Heatstroke, side by side. Recognising both extremes, and the first response to each.
- First Aid Kit — https://learnposters.com/p/first-aid-kit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/first-aid-kit.pdf — 18 entries in 4 groups. What belongs in a home or car kit, and what to check.
- When to Call — https://learnposters.com/p/when-to-call-emergency — https://learnposters.com/pdf/when-to-call-emergency.pdf — 13 entries in 2 groups. The situations that always warrant emergency services, and what to say.

#### Movement — Stretches, posture and the mechanics of common exercises.

- Desk Posture — https://learnposters.com/p/desk-posture — https://learnposters.com/pdf/desk-posture.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How to set a chair, desk and screen so a working day does not accumulate.
- Everyday Stretches — https://learnposters.com/p/everyday-stretches — https://learnposters.com/pdf/everyday-stretches.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. Eight stretches covering the areas a sitting day actually shortens.
- Warm Up & Cool Down — https://learnposters.com/p/warm-up-and-cool-down — https://learnposters.com/pdf/warm-up-and-cool-down.pdf — Warm up — dynamic against Cool down — static, side by side. What each is for, and why static stretching before exercise is out of favour.
- Mobility & Flexibility — https://learnposters.com/p/mobility-vs-flexibility — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mobility-vs-flexibility.pdf — Flexibility — passive range against Mobility — active range, side by side. Two words used interchangeably that describe different capacities.
- The Squat — https://learnposters.com/p/squat-form — https://learnposters.com/pdf/squat-form.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The setup and the cues, plus the faults that actually matter.
- The Hip Hinge — https://learnposters.com/p/deadlift-form — https://learnposters.com/pdf/deadlift-form.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. One movement behind deadlifts, kettlebell swings and picking things up.
- The Core — https://learnposters.com/p/core-explained — https://learnposters.com/pdf/core-explained.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What the core actually is, and why crunches are not the whole answer.
- Progressive Overload — https://learnposters.com/p/progressive-overload — https://learnposters.com/pdf/progressive-overload.pdf — A 7-row table: Variable · Increase by · Note. The one principle behind every training programme, and the ways to apply it.
- Rest & Recovery — https://learnposters.com/p/rest-and-recovery — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rest-and-recovery.pdf — 14 entries in 4 groups. What recovery involves, ranked by how much each part matters.
- Walking — https://learnposters.com/p/walking-benefits — https://learnposters.com/pdf/walking-benefits.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The most accessible exercise there is, and the numbers behind it.
- Activity Guidelines — https://learnposters.com/p/exercise-guidelines — https://learnposters.com/pdf/exercise-guidelines.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Amount · Examples. What the public health guidelines actually recommend, per week.
- Common Injuries — https://learnposters.com/p/common-injuries — https://learnposters.com/pdf/common-injuries.pdf — A 6-row table: Injury · Typically · First response. The injuries that actually occur, and what the first response is.
- Injury First Response — https://learnposters.com/p/rice-vs-peace-love — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rice-vs-peace-love.pdf — The old advice — RICE against Current — PEACE & LOVE, side by side. Why RICE has been replaced, and what the current guidance is.
- Posture Myths — https://learnposters.com/p/posture-myths — https://learnposters.com/pdf/posture-myths.pdf — Not well supported against Better supported, side by side. What the evidence supports about posture, and what it does not.
- Breathing Under Load — https://learnposters.com/p/breathing-and-movement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/breathing-and-movement.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. When to breathe, when to brace, and why holding it is not always wrong.
- Desk Movement Breaks — https://learnposters.com/p/desk-exercises — https://learnposters.com/pdf/desk-exercises.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. Short movements that fit into a working day without changing clothes.

#### Nutrition — Macros, micros and what the numbers on a label mean.

- Macronutrients — https://learnposters.com/p/macronutrients — https://learnposters.com/pdf/macronutrients.pdf — A 5-row table: Macro · kcal/g · Chiefly for. The three energy nutrients, what each is for, and the energy each carries.
- Reading a Food Label — https://learnposters.com/p/reading-a-food-label — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reading-a-food-label.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What each line means, and the two numbers that mislead most often.
- Vitamins — https://learnposters.com/p/vitamins — https://learnposters.com/pdf/vitamins.pdf — A 7-row table: Vitamin · Needed for · Found in. Each vitamin, what it does, and where it is found.
- Minerals — https://learnposters.com/p/minerals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/minerals.pdf — A 7-row table: Mineral · Needed for · Found in. The minerals the body needs, what each is for, and where to get them.
- Protein — https://learnposters.com/p/protein-needs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/protein-needs.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How much protein is enough, and what a complete protein means.
- Fibre — https://learnposters.com/p/fibre — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fibre.pdf — Soluble against Insoluble, side by side. The two kinds, what each does, and how much most people actually eat.
- Hydration — https://learnposters.com/p/hydration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hydration.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How much water, where it comes from, and what thirst actually indicates.
- Glycaemic Index — https://learnposters.com/p/glycaemic-index — https://learnposters.com/pdf/glycaemic-index.pdf — A 3-row table: Band · GI · Examples. What GI measures, what it misses, and why glycaemic load is more useful.
- Energy Balance — https://learnposters.com/p/energy-balance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/energy-balance.pdf — A 4-row table: Component · Share · What it is. Where energy is spent, and why the largest share is not exercise.
- Food Groups — https://learnposters.com/p/food-groups — https://learnposters.com/pdf/food-groups.pdf — 12 entries in 4 groups. A plate model that is easier to follow than counting anything.
- Added Sugar — https://learnposters.com/p/added-sugar — https://learnposters.com/pdf/added-sugar.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Where it hides, what the guidelines say, and the names to look for.
- Fats — https://learnposters.com/p/fats-explained — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fats-explained.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Found in · Effect on LDL. Saturated, unsaturated and trans — what distinguishes them and what they do.
- Food & Energy Levels — https://learnposters.com/p/food-and-mood — https://learnposters.com/pdf/food-and-mood.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Why energy dips after some meals, and what changes it.
- Caffeine — https://learnposters.com/p/caffeine — https://learnposters.com/pdf/caffeine.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How it works, how long it lasts, and what a sensible ceiling is.
- Alcohol Units — https://learnposters.com/p/alcohol-units — https://learnposters.com/pdf/alcohol-units.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How units are calculated, and what the guidelines actually say.
- Portion Sizes — https://learnposters.com/p/food-portions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/food-portions.pdf — A 6-row table: Food · Portion · Roughly. Estimating a portion with your hand, when no scales are available.

#### Sleep & mind — Sleep architecture, stress physiology and attention.

- Sleep Stages — https://learnposters.com/p/sleep-stages — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sleep-stages.pdf — A 4-row table: Stage · Share · What happens. What happens in each sleep stage, and why waking wrong feels awful.
- Sleep Hygiene — https://learnposters.com/p/sleep-hygiene — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sleep-hygiene.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. The changes with the strongest evidence behind them, in order.
- The Body Clock — https://learnposters.com/p/circadian-rhythm — https://learnposters.com/pdf/circadian-rhythm.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What sets your internal clock, and why light timing matters more than duration.
- The Stress Response — https://learnposters.com/p/stress-response — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stress-response.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What the body does under stress, and why chronic stress differs from acute.
- Breathing Techniques — https://learnposters.com/p/breathing-techniques — https://learnposters.com/pdf/breathing-techniques.pdf — A 4-row table: Technique · Pattern · For. Three patterns with evidence behind them, and what each is for.
- Attention — https://learnposters.com/p/attention-and-focus — https://learnposters.com/pdf/attention-and-focus.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What actually breaks concentration, and what restores it.
- Memory Techniques — https://learnposters.com/p/memory-techniques — https://learnposters.com/pdf/memory-techniques.pdf — A 7-row table: Technique · How · Strength. The methods with the best evidence — including the one that feels worst.
- Cognitive Biases — https://learnposters.com/p/cognitive-biases — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cognitive-biases.pdf — A 7-row table: Bias · What happens. The thinking shortcuts that most often produce wrong conclusions.
- Habit Formation — https://learnposters.com/p/habit-formation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/habit-formation.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The loop behind a habit, and where to intervene in it.
- Burnout — https://learnposters.com/p/burnout-signs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/burnout-signs.pdf — Tiredness against Burnout, side by side. Three components, how it differs from ordinary tiredness, and what helps.
- Exercise & Mood — https://learnposters.com/p/mood-and-exercise — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mood-and-exercise.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What the evidence supports about movement and mental health.
- Screens & Sleep — https://learnposters.com/p/screen-time-and-sleep — https://learnposters.com/pdf/screen-time-and-sleep.pdf — Light against Content and timing, side by side. What screens actually do to sleep, separating the mechanisms.
- Grounding Techniques — https://learnposters.com/p/grounding-techniques — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grounding-techniques.pdf — 15 entries in 4 groups. Short methods for interrupting escalating anxiety in the moment.
- How Learning Works — https://learnposters.com/p/learning-how-to-learn — https://learnposters.com/pdf/learning-how-to-learn.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. The principles behind effective study, and why the intuitive methods fail.

#### Prevention — Screening, hygiene and the everyday numbers.

- Handwashing — https://learnposters.com/p/handwashing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/handwashing.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The technique, the duration, and when it matters most.
- Sun & UV — https://learnposters.com/p/uv-and-sun-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/uv-and-sun-safety.pdf — A 5-row table: Index · Level · Do. What the UV index means, and what protection actually reduces risk.
- Sunscreen — https://learnposters.com/p/sunscreen — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sunscreen.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What SPF measures, how much to apply, and how often to reapply.
- Dental Care — https://learnposters.com/p/dental-care — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dental-care.pdf — 10 entries in 3 groups. What actually prevents decay, and the habits that undo it.
- Eye Strain — https://learnposters.com/p/eye-strain — https://learnposters.com/pdf/eye-strain.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What causes screen-related eye discomfort, and what actually relieves it.
- Hearing Protection — https://learnposters.com/p/hearing-protection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hearing-protection.pdf — A 6-row table: Sound · dB · Safe time. How loud is too loud, and how quickly damage occurs.
- How Vaccines Work — https://learnposters.com/p/vaccination-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/vaccination-basics.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · Contains · Example. The mechanism, the main types, and what herd immunity means.
- Blood Pressure — https://learnposters.com/p/blood-pressure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/blood-pressure.pdf — A 6-row table: Category · Systolic · Diastolic. What the two numbers mean, and the categories they fall into.
- Heart Rate — https://learnposters.com/p/resting-heart-rate — https://learnposters.com/pdf/resting-heart-rate.pdf — A 5-row table: Zone · % of max · Feels like. Resting and maximum heart rate, and what the training zones mean.
- BMI & Its Limits — https://learnposters.com/p/bmi-and-its-limits — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bmi-and-its-limits.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What BMI measures, what it cannot, and what to use alongside it.
- Health Screening — https://learnposters.com/p/health-screening — https://learnposters.com/pdf/health-screening.pdf — A 8-row table: Check · Typically from · Looks for. The checks offered by age, and what each is looking for.
- Kitchen Hygiene — https://learnposters.com/p/hand-and-food-hygiene — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hand-and-food-hygiene.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The four rules that prevent most domestic food poisoning.
- Antibiotics — https://learnposters.com/p/antibiotics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/antibiotics.pdf — Antibiotics work on against They do nothing for, side by side. What they treat, what they do not, and why 'finish the course' is debated.
- Air Quality — https://learnposters.com/p/air-quality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/air-quality.pdf — A 6-row table: AQI · Level · Advice. What the index measures, and what to do at each level.

### Languages (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/languages — The tables you cannot learn by immersion alone.

#### Spanish — Verbs, ser vs estar, and the accent rules.

- Ser vs Estar — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-ser-vs-estar — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-ser-vs-estar.pdf — SER — what something is against ESTAR — how something is, side by side. Two verbs meaning 'to be', and the rule that decides between them.
- Spanish Present Tense — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-present-tense — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-present-tense.pdf — A 6-row table: Person · hablar · comer / vivir. All three regular conjugations side by side, endings picked out.
- Spanish Accents — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-accent-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-accent-rules.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Where the stress falls by default, and why a written accent appears.
- Por vs Para — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-por-vs-para — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-por-vs-para.pdf — POR — cause, means, exchange against PARA — purpose, destination, side by side. The other pair that maps onto one English word — and where the line sits.
- Preterite vs Imperfect — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-preterite-vs-imperfect — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-preterite-vs-imperfect.pdf — Pretérito — completed against Imperfecto — ongoing, side by side. Two past tenses, and the question that decides between them.
- The Subjunctive — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-subjunctive — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-subjunctive.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. When Spanish switches mood, and the acronym that covers the triggers.
- Spanish Pronouns — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-pronouns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-pronouns.pdf — A 6-row table: Person · Subject / Direct · Indirect / Reflexive. Subject, direct, indirect and reflexive — all four sets in one grid.
- Future & Conditional — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-future-and-conditional — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-future-and-conditional.pdf — A 6-row table: Person · Future · Conditional. Two tenses with one set of endings, added to the whole infinitive.
- Gustar & Friends — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-gustar-verbs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-gustar-verbs.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The backwards verbs, and why the grammar feels inverted.
- Spanish Numbers — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-numbers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-numbers.pdf — A 7-row table: Range · Pattern · Example. One to a million, with the joins that are irregular.
- Time & Dates — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-time-and-date — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-time-and-date.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. Telling the time and writing the date, including the traps.
- False Friends — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-false-friends — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-false-friends.pdf — A 8-row table: Spanish · Really means · Not. Words that look English and are not, ranked by how often they cause trouble.
- Commands — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-commands — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-commands.pdf — A 5-row table: Form · Affirmative · Negative. The imperative forms, and where the pronouns attach.
- Reflexive Verbs — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-reflexive-verbs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-reflexive-verbs.pdf — A 5-row table: Plain · Reflexive · Difference. When subject and object are the same, and the verbs that change meaning.
- Por & Para at a Glance — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-por-para-quick — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-por-para-quick.pdf — A 8-row table: Situation · Use · Example. One quick test for each case, when the full rule is too slow.
- Adjective Agreement — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-adjective-agreement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-adjective-agreement.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Masc / Fem · Plurals. How adjectives change, and where they go relative to the noun.
- Question Words — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-question-words — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-question-words.pdf — A 8-row table: Word · Means · Compare. All of them, with accents — and why the accent is not optional.
- Perfect Tenses — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-perfect-tenses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-perfect-tenses.pdf — A 5-row table: Tense · Form · Means. Haber plus a participle — and how the participle is formed.
- Spanish Pronunciation — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-pronunciation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-pronunciation.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. The rules, and why Spanish spelling is so much easier than English.
- Greetings & Courtesy — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-greetings — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-greetings.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. What to say when, and the formality that decides between tú and usted.
- The Near Future — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-ir-a-future — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-ir-a-future.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The easiest future tense, and why learners use it more than the real one.
- Connectors — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-connectors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-connectors.pdf — 16 entries in 4 groups. The linking words that make speech sound fluent rather than assembled.
- Diminutives — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-diminutives — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-diminutives.pdf — A 6-row table: Word · Diminutive · Signals. The -ito ending, and the four things it actually signals.
- Regional Spanish — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-regional-differences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-regional-differences.pdf — Spain against Latin America, side by side. How Spain and Latin America differ, and whether it actually matters.
- The Many Uses of Se — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-se-uses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-se-uses.pdf — A 6-row table: Use · Example · Means. Six different jobs done by one two-letter word.
- Understanding Fast Spanish — https://learnposters.com/p/spanish-listening-tips — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spanish-listening-tips.pdf — 11 entries in 3 groups. Why native speech sounds faster than the textbook, and what to train.

#### French — Gender, pronunciation and the verbs that refuse to behave.

- French Noun Gender — https://learnposters.com/p/french-noun-gender — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-noun-gender.pdf — 16 entries in 3 groups. The word endings that reliably predict masculine or feminine.
- Avoir & Être — https://learnposters.com/p/french-avoir-etre — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-avoir-etre.pdf — A 6-row table: Person · avoir (have) · être (be). The two verbs everything else is built on, in the present tense.
- French Pronunciation — https://learnposters.com/p/french-pronunciation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-pronunciation.pdf — 16 entries in 4 groups. The rules that explain why the spelling and the sound disagree.
- Passé Composé — https://learnposters.com/p/french-passe-compose — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-passe-compose.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The everyday past tense, and the rule for choosing avoir or être.
- The Être Verbs — https://learnposters.com/p/french-etre-verbs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-etre-verbs.pdf — 16 entries in 3 groups. Sixteen verbs take être in compound tenses — the house that holds them.
- L'Imparfait — https://learnposters.com/p/french-imparfait — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-imparfait.pdf — A 6-row table: Person · Ending · parler. The other past tense, and the one ending set that covers every verb.
- Passé Composé vs Imparfait — https://learnposters.com/p/french-passe-vs-imparfait — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-passe-vs-imparfait.pdf — Passé composé against Imparfait, side by side. Choosing between the two past tenses, with the test that decides it.
- The Future — https://learnposters.com/p/french-futur — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-futur.pdf — A 6-row table: Person · Ending · parler. Both futures — the simple one and the near one — and when to use each.
- Le Subjonctif — https://learnposters.com/p/french-subjonctif — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-subjonctif.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. When French switches mood, and the phrases that force it.
- Negation — https://learnposters.com/p/french-negation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-negation.pdf — A 6-row table: Negation · Means · Example. The two-part negative, and where each half goes.
- Articles — https://learnposters.com/p/french-articles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-articles.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · Masc / Fem · Plural. Definite, indefinite and partitive — and the one English does not have.
- Adjective Placement — https://learnposters.com/p/french-adjective-placement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-adjective-placement.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. Most adjectives follow the noun. A short list goes before it.
- French Pronouns — https://learnposters.com/p/french-pronouns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-pronouns.pdf — A 5-row table: Position · Pronouns · Example. Subject, object, y and en — and the order they appear in.
- Asking Questions — https://learnposters.com/p/french-questions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-questions.pdf — A 5-row table: Method · Example · Register. Three ways to form a question, ranked by formality.
- French Numbers — https://learnposters.com/p/french-numbers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-numbers.pdf — A 7-row table: Number · French · Literally. One to a million, including the notorious seventies and nineties.
- Time & Dates — https://learnposters.com/p/french-time-and-date — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-time-and-date.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. Telling time on a 24-hour clock, and writing the date.
- False Friends — https://learnposters.com/p/french-false-friends — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-false-friends.pdf — A 8-row table: French · Really means · Not. Words that look English and mean something else.
- Liaison — https://learnposters.com/p/french-liaison-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-liaison-rules.pdf — Required against Forbidden, side by side. When to link words together, when not to, and why it matters.
- The Imperative — https://learnposters.com/p/french-imperative — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-imperative.pdf — A 6-row table: Verb · tu · nous / vous. Giving instructions, and the small spelling change in the tu form.
- Qui, Que, Dont, Où — https://learnposters.com/p/french-relative-pronouns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-relative-pronouns.pdf — A 5-row table: Pronoun · Use when · Example. The four relative pronouns, and the test that picks the right one.
- The Conditional — https://learnposters.com/p/french-conditional — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-conditional.pdf — A 3-row table: Si clause · Main clause · Meaning. Would, could, should — and the si clause rules.
- Politeness & Register — https://learnposters.com/p/french-politeness — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-politeness.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. Tu and vous, and the formulas that are genuinely expected.
- Y and En — https://learnposters.com/p/french-pronoun-y-en — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-pronoun-y-en.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two tiny words that replace whole phrases.
- French Accents — https://learnposters.com/p/french-spelling-accents — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-spelling-accents.pdf — A 5-row table: Accent · On · Does. The five accent marks, what each does, and when it changes meaning.
- The Verbs You Need First — https://learnposters.com/p/french-common-verbs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-common-verbs.pdf — A 12-row table: Verb · je · nous. The twelve highest-frequency verbs, in the present tense.

#### German — Cases, gender and the word order that trips everyone.

- The Four Cases — https://learnposters.com/p/german-cases — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-cases.pdf — A 4-row table: Case · masc / fem · neut / plural. Every article form in one grid — the table German keeps referring to.
- German Word Order — https://learnposters.com/p/german-word-order — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-word-order.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Where the verb goes — the rule that governs every German sentence.
- German Plurals — https://learnposters.com/p/german-plurals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-plurals.pdf — A 5-row table: Ending · Example · Tends to be. Five plural patterns, and which nouns take which.
- Present Tense — https://learnposters.com/p/german-verb-conjugation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-verb-conjugation.pdf — A 6-row table: Person · Ending · machen. Regular endings, and the stem-changing verbs that break them.
- Sein, Haben, Werden — https://learnposters.com/p/german-sein-haben-werden — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-sein-haben-werden.pdf — A 6-row table: Person · sein / haben · werden. The three auxiliaries, fully conjugated, and what each one builds.
- The Perfect Tense — https://learnposters.com/p/german-perfekt — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-perfekt.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The spoken past tense, and choosing between haben and sein.
- Separable Verbs — https://learnposters.com/p/german-separable-verbs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-separable-verbs.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Verbs that split in half, where each half goes, and how to spot them.
- Modal Verbs — https://learnposters.com/p/german-modal-verbs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-modal-verbs.pdf — A 6-row table: Verb · Means · ich / wir. The six modals, and where the second verb goes.
- Adjective Endings — https://learnposters.com/p/german-adjective-endings — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-adjective-endings.pdf — A 4-row table: Case · M / F · N / Pl. The endings that follow from case, gender and which article precedes.
- Prepositions & Case — https://learnposters.com/p/german-prepositions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-prepositions.pdf — 16 entries in 3 groups. Which case each preposition takes, grouped so they can be learnt as sets.
- Noun Gender — https://learnposters.com/p/german-noun-gender-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-noun-gender-rules.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. The endings that reliably predict der, die or das.
- Forming Plurals — https://learnposters.com/p/german-plurals-detail — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-plurals-detail.pdf — A 5-row table: Ending · Example · Tends to be. The five plural patterns, with the gender each tends to follow.
- Question Words — https://learnposters.com/p/german-question-words — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-question-words.pdf — A 8-row table: Word · Means · Note. The w-words, and the case some of them change with.
- Time Expressions — https://learnposters.com/p/german-time-expressions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-time-expressions.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. Telling the time, and the halb that catches everyone out.
- German Numbers — https://learnposters.com/p/german-numbers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-numbers.pdf — A 7-row table: Number · German · Literally. One to a million, and the units-before-tens order.
- Konjunktiv II — https://learnposters.com/p/german-konjunktiv-ii — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-konjunktiv-ii.pdf — A 7-row table: Verb · Konjunktiv II · Means. The polite and hypothetical mood, and the würde shortcut.
- The Passive — https://learnposters.com/p/german-passive — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-passive.pdf — Vorgangspassiv — werden against Zustandspassiv — sein, side by side. Formed with werden, and how it differs from a description with sein.
- Relative Clauses — https://learnposters.com/p/german-relative-clauses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-relative-clauses.pdf — A 4-row table: Case · M / F · N / Pl. The relative pronouns, and the word order they force.
- Compound Nouns — https://learnposters.com/p/german-compound-nouns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-compound-nouns.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How German builds long nouns, and how to read one.
- Da- & Wo- Compounds — https://learnposters.com/p/german-da-and-wo-compounds — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-da-and-wo-compounds.pdf — A 6-row table: Preposition · da- form · wo- form. Replacing a preposition plus a thing with a single word.
- False Friends — https://learnposters.com/p/german-false-friends — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-false-friends.pdf — A 8-row table: German · Really means · Not. German words that look English and mean something else.
- The Imperative — https://learnposters.com/p/german-imperative — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-imperative.pdf — A 4-row table: Form · machen · sein. Three command forms, and where the pronoun goes.
- The Genitive — https://learnposters.com/p/german-genitive — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-genitive.pdf — A 4-row table: Gender · Article · Noun. Possession, the endings it adds, and why it is receding from speech.
- German Pronunciation — https://learnposters.com/p/german-pronunciation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-pronunciation.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. The letters that do not say what an English speaker expects.
- The Verbs You Need First — https://learnposters.com/p/german-word-frequency — https://learnposters.com/pdf/german-word-frequency.pdf — A 12-row table: Verb · ich · er/sie/es. The most frequent verbs, present tense, in one place.

#### How languages work — Scripts, sounds and the patterns shared across all of them.

- The IPA — https://learnposters.com/p/the-ipa — https://learnposters.com/pdf/the-ipa.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why one alphabet for all sounds, and how to read the symbols.
- How Consonants Are Made — https://learnposters.com/p/consonant-articulation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/consonant-articulation.pdf — A 7-row table: Property · Asks · Examples. Place, manner and voicing — three questions that identify any consonant.
- The Vowel Space — https://learnposters.com/p/vowel-chart — https://learnposters.com/pdf/vowel-chart.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How vowels are described, and why they resist neat letters.
- Morphology — https://learnposters.com/p/morphology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/morphology.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · Means · Example. How words are built from smaller meaningful pieces.
- Word Order — https://learnposters.com/p/word-order-typology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/word-order-typology.pdf — A 5-row table: Order · Share · Languages. How the world's languages order subject, verb and object.
- Writing Systems — https://learnposters.com/p/writing-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/writing-systems.pdf — A 5-row table: System · A symbol is · Examples. The four ways writing can encode a language.
- Language Families — https://learnposters.com/p/language-families — https://learnposters.com/pdf/language-families.pdf — A 7-row table: Family · Speakers · Includes. The largest families, and what family membership actually means.
- Cognates & Loanwords — https://learnposters.com/p/cognates-and-borrowing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cognates-and-borrowing.pdf — Cognates — inherited against Loanwords — borrowed, side by side. Two ways words in different languages come to resemble each other.
- Grammatical Gender — https://learnposters.com/p/grammatical-gender — https://learnposters.com/pdf/grammatical-gender.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What gender is in grammar, and why it usually has nothing to do with sex.
- Tense, Aspect & Mood — https://learnposters.com/p/tense-aspect-mood — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tense-aspect-mood.pdf — A 3-row table: Category · Answers · Examples. Three separate things English bundles together, and how to tell them apart.
- Grammatical Case — https://learnposters.com/p/cases-explained — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cases-explained.pdf — A 6-row table: Case · Marks · English trace. What case marking does, and why English mostly lost it.
- Phonemes & Allophones — https://learnposters.com/p/phonemes-and-allophones — https://learnposters.com/pdf/phonemes-and-allophones.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Sounds that change meaning, and sounds that merely vary.
- Etymology — https://learnposters.com/p/etymology-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/etymology-basics.pdf — A 6-row table: Change · What happens · Example. How word meanings drift over time, in recognisable patterns.
- Dialect & Accent — https://learnposters.com/p/dialect-and-accent — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dialect-and-accent.pdf — Accent against Dialect, side by side. Two words often confused, and what separates a language from a dialect.
- Learning a Second Language — https://learnposters.com/p/second-language-acquisition — https://learnposters.com/pdf/second-language-acquisition.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. What the research supports about how adults actually acquire a language.
- False Cognates — https://learnposters.com/p/false-cognates — https://learnposters.com/pdf/false-cognates.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Words that look related and are not, and why they are so persistent.
- Pragmatics — https://learnposters.com/p/pragmatics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pragmatics.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How meaning depends on context, and what politeness actually encodes.
- Code-Switching — https://learnposters.com/p/code-switching — https://learnposters.com/pdf/code-switching.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Alternating between languages, and why it is a skill rather than a lapse.
- Sign Languages — https://learnposters.com/p/sign-languages — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sign-languages.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Full natural languages, and the myths that persist about them.
- First Language Acquisition — https://learnposters.com/p/how-children-learn-language — https://learnposters.com/pdf/how-children-learn-language.pdf — A 6-row table: Stage · Age · What happens. The stages every child passes through, and roughly when.
- Register — https://learnposters.com/p/register-and-formality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/register-and-formality.pdf — A 5-row table: Register · Where · Example. Fitting language to the situation, and the levels languages distinguish.
- How Languages Change — https://learnposters.com/p/language-change — https://learnposters.com/pdf/language-change.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. The forces that change every living language, whatever anyone prefers.
- What Resists Translation — https://learnposters.com/p/translation-difficulties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/translation-difficulties.pdf — A 7-row table: Difficulty · Why. The kinds of meaning that do not transfer cleanly between languages.
- Bilingualism — https://learnposters.com/p/bilingual-brain — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bilingual-brain.pdf — Well supported against Contested or overstated, side by side. What speaking two languages does and does not do, as the evidence stands.

### Money (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/money — The arithmetic of a financial life, on one page each.

#### Basics — Budgeting, saving and where the money actually goes.

- The 50/30/20 Budget — https://learnposters.com/p/budget-50-30-20 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/budget-50-30-20.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. One frame for splitting take-home pay, and what counts in each bucket.
- The Emergency Fund — https://learnposters.com/p/emergency-fund — https://learnposters.com/pdf/emergency-fund.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What it is for, how big it should be, and where it should sit.
- Fixed, Variable & Hidden — https://learnposters.com/p/where-money-goes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/where-money-goes.pdf — Fixed — same every month against Variable — changes monthly, side by side. Three kinds of spending, and why the third is the one that gets people.
- Zero-Based Budgeting — https://learnposters.com/p/zero-based-budget — https://learnposters.com/pdf/zero-based-budget.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Giving every unit of income a job, so nothing leaks unaccounted for.
- Sinking Funds — https://learnposters.com/p/sinking-funds — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sinking-funds.pdf — A 6-row table: Cost · Annual · Monthly. Saving monthly for yearly costs, so they stop being emergencies.
- Structuring Accounts — https://learnposters.com/p/bank-account-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bank-account-structure.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A simple multi-account setup that makes budgeting mostly automatic.
- Tracking Spending — https://learnposters.com/p/tracking-spending — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tracking-spending.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How to find out where money actually goes, in one month.
- Subscription Audit — https://learnposters.com/p/subscription-audit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/subscription-audit.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Finding recurring payments you no longer use, and stopping them.
- Reducing Fixed Costs — https://learnposters.com/p/saving-on-bills — https://learnposters.com/pdf/saving-on-bills.pdf — A 6-row table: Cost · Revisit · Action. Where the largest savings are, and how often to revisit each.
- Setting a Savings Goal — https://learnposters.com/p/saving-goals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/saving-goals.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Turning a vague intention into a monthly number.
- How You Pay Changes What You Spend — https://learnposters.com/p/cash-vs-card — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cash-vs-card.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The evidence on payment method and spending, and what to do with it.
- Negotiating Pay — https://learnposters.com/p/negotiating-a-salary — https://learnposters.com/pdf/negotiating-a-salary.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What to prepare, and what actually moves an offer.
- Money Admin — https://learnposters.com/p/financial-admin-checklist — https://learnposters.com/pdf/financial-admin-checklist.pdf — A 8-row table: Task · How often. The tasks worth a recurring reminder, and how often.
- Sharing Money — https://learnposters.com/p/shared-finances — https://learnposters.com/pdf/shared-finances.pdf — A 4-row table: Model · How · Trade-off. Three models for couples, and the conversation that has to happen first.
- Everyday Scams — https://learnposters.com/p/financial-scams — https://learnposters.com/pdf/financial-scams.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. The patterns behind the frauds people actually encounter.
- Cost Per Use — https://learnposters.com/p/cost-per-use — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cost-per-use.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. A way to compare purchases that price alone cannot.
- Real Terms — https://learnposters.com/p/inflation-and-wages — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inflation-and-wages.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why a pay rise below inflation is a pay cut, and how to check.
- Financial Resilience — https://learnposters.com/p/financial-resilience — https://learnposters.com/pdf/financial-resilience.pdf — A 6-row table: Measure · Reasonable · Why. The measures that show how well a household could absorb a shock.

#### Growth — Interest, inflation and how time does the work.

- Compound Interest — https://learnposters.com/p/compound-interest — https://learnposters.com/pdf/compound-interest.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why the same monthly amount is worth vastly more when it starts earlier.
- The Rule of 72 — https://learnposters.com/p/rule-of-72 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rule-of-72.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Doubling time, worked out in your head, for growth or for inflation.
- Inflation — https://learnposters.com/p/inflation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inflation.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What it does to money that is not growing, in numbers rather than adjectives.
- Simple & Compound Interest — https://learnposters.com/p/simple-vs-compound — https://learnposters.com/pdf/simple-vs-compound.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The difference, and how far apart they end up.
- APR & AER — https://learnposters.com/p/apr-and-aer — https://learnposters.com/pdf/apr-and-aer.pdf — A 6-row table: Measure · Used for · Includes. The standardised rates, and why the headline rate is not comparable.
- Compounding Frequency — https://learnposters.com/p/compounding-frequency — https://learnposters.com/pdf/compounding-frequency.pdf — A 6-row table: Compounded · Effective rate · Value. How often interest is added, and how much difference it makes.
- Early vs More — https://learnposters.com/p/saving-early-vs-more — https://learnposters.com/pdf/saving-early-vs-more.pdf — Starts at 25, stops at 35 against Starts at 35, continues to 65, side by side. Whether it is better to start early or to save more later.
- Nominal & Real Return — https://learnposters.com/p/nominal-vs-real-return — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nominal-vs-real-return.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two ways of stating the same return, and which one matters.
- Savings Accounts — https://learnposters.com/p/savings-account-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/savings-account-types.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · Access · Rate. The types available, and the trade-off each makes.
- Where to Keep an Emergency Fund — https://learnposters.com/p/emergency-fund-where — https://learnposters.com/pdf/emergency-fund-where.pdf — 11 entries in 3 groups. What matters in an account holding money you may need suddenly.
- Interest Working Against You — https://learnposters.com/p/interest-on-debt — https://learnposters.com/pdf/interest-on-debt.pdf — A 5-row table: APR · Roughly · Interest paid. The same mathematics as savings, running in the other direction.
- Handling a Windfall — https://learnposters.com/p/windfalls — https://learnposters.com/pdf/windfalls.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What to do with an unexpected sum, and what to do first.
- Deposit Protection — https://learnposters.com/p/deposit-protection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/deposit-protection.pdf — A 5-row table: Country · Scheme · Limit. The guarantee on money held at a bank, and its limits.
- When Rates Change — https://learnposters.com/p/interest-rate-changes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/interest-rate-changes.pdf — A 6-row table: Product · Effect · Speed. What a central bank rate change affects, and how quickly.
- Exchange Rates — https://learnposters.com/p/currency-and-exchange — https://learnposters.com/pdf/currency-and-exchange.pdf — 11 entries in 3 groups. How to compare exchange offers, and where the real cost hides.
- Turning Savings into Income — https://learnposters.com/p/annuities-and-drawdown — https://learnposters.com/pdf/annuities-and-drawdown.pdf — Annuity against Drawdown, side by side. The main ways a pension pot becomes retirement income.
- How Much Is Enough — https://learnposters.com/p/rule-of-25 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rule-of-25.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. A rough way to size a retirement target, and the assumptions inside it.
- State Pensions — https://learnposters.com/p/state-pension-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/state-pension-basics.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How state pensions generally work, and what to check.

#### Credit & debt — Borrowing, scores, and the cost of the minimum payment.

- What a Credit Score Measures — https://learnposters.com/p/credit-score — https://learnposters.com/pdf/credit-score.pdf — A 5-row table: Factor · Weight · What helps. The factors behind the number, roughly weighted, and what moves each.
- The Minimum Payment — https://learnposters.com/p/minimum-payment-trap — https://learnposters.com/pdf/minimum-payment-trap.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What paying only the minimum actually costs, in years and in money.
- Kinds of Debt — https://learnposters.com/p/good-vs-bad-debt — https://learnposters.com/pdf/good-vs-bad-debt.pdf — Tends to build against Tends to drain, side by side. Two questions separate borrowing that builds from borrowing that drains.
- Paying Off Debt — https://learnposters.com/p/debt-payoff-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/debt-payoff-methods.pdf — Avalanche — highest rate first against Snowball — smallest balance first, side by side. Two ordering strategies, and the honest trade-off between them.
- Balance Transfers — https://learnposters.com/p/balance-transfers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/balance-transfers.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How a 0% transfer works, and the three ways it goes wrong.
- How Credit Cards Work — https://learnposters.com/p/credit-card-mechanics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/credit-card-mechanics.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The billing cycle, the grace period, and how to pay no interest at all.
- Improving a Credit Score — https://learnposters.com/p/improving-credit-score — https://learnposters.com/pdf/improving-credit-score.pdf — A 7-row table: Action · Effect · Timescale. The actions that actually move a score, and how long each takes.
- Credit Report Errors — https://learnposters.com/p/credit-report-errors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/credit-report-errors.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What to look for, and how to get something corrected.
- Types of Borrowing — https://learnposters.com/p/types-of-borrowing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/types-of-borrowing.pdf — A 7-row table: Type · Typical APR · Note. The main forms of credit, ranked by typical cost.
- Buy Now, Pay Later — https://learnposters.com/p/buy-now-pay-later — https://learnposters.com/pdf/buy-now-pay-later.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How it works, and what makes it different from other credit.
- Debt Warning Signs — https://learnposters.com/p/debt-warning-signs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/debt-warning-signs.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. The signals that debt has become a problem, and where to get free help.
- Secured & Unsecured — https://learnposters.com/p/secured-vs-unsecured — https://learnposters.com/pdf/secured-vs-unsecured.pdf — Secured against Unsecured, side by side. What securing a loan means, and what it puts at risk.
- Guaranteeing Debt — https://learnposters.com/p/guarantor-and-joint-debt — https://learnposters.com/pdf/guarantor-and-joint-debt.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What you take on by guaranteeing or jointly holding a debt.
- Student Loans — https://learnposters.com/p/student-loans — https://learnposters.com/pdf/student-loans.pdf — Income-contingent (UK, AUS) against Conventional (much of the US), side by side. Why student debt often behaves differently from other borrowing.

#### Tax — What is taken, when, and the words on the payslip.

- How Income Tax Works — https://learnposters.com/p/how-income-tax-works — https://learnposters.com/pdf/how-income-tax-works.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Marginal bands, and the misunderstanding that makes people fear a pay rise.
- Reading a Payslip — https://learnposters.com/p/payslip-explained — https://learnposters.com/pdf/payslip-explained.pdf — A 8-row table: Line · Means. Every line on a payslip, and what it is doing there.
- The Tax Year — https://learnposters.com/p/tax-year-and-deadlines — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tax-year-and-deadlines.pdf — A 5-row table: Country · Tax year · Note. When the tax year runs, and the deadlines worth having in a calendar.
- Self-Employment — https://learnposters.com/p/self-employment-tax — https://learnposters.com/pdf/self-employment-tax.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What changes when you work for yourself, and what to set aside.
- VAT & Sales Tax — https://learnposters.com/p/vat-and-sales-tax — https://learnposters.com/pdf/vat-and-sales-tax.pdf — VAT / GST against Sales tax, side by side. Two ways of taxing consumption, and how they differ.
- Deductions & Allowances — https://learnposters.com/p/tax-deductions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tax-deductions.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The difference between a deduction and a credit, and why it matters.
- Pension Tax Relief — https://learnposters.com/p/pension-tax-relief — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pension-tax-relief.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why pension contributions are usually the most tax-efficient saving available.
- Capital Gains — https://learnposters.com/p/capital-gains — https://learnposters.com/pdf/capital-gains.pdf — A 6-row table: Concept · Means. Tax on what you sell, not what you earn, and what usually counts.
- Avoidance vs Evasion — https://learnposters.com/p/tax-avoidance-vs-evasion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tax-avoidance-vs-evasion.pdf — Legal against Illegal, side by side. One is legal, one is a crime — a clearer line than the debate suggests.
- Records to Keep — https://learnposters.com/p/tax-record-keeping — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tax-record-keeping.pdf — A 6-row table: Record · Keep for. What to keep, and for how long.
- Tax on Savings & Dividends — https://learnposters.com/p/tax-on-savings — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tax-on-savings.pdf — A 6-row table: Income · Typically. How interest and dividends are taxed differently from salary.
- Working Across Borders — https://learnposters.com/p/cross-border-tax — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cross-border-tax.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Residence, domicile and double taxation — the three to understand first.

#### Insurance — What each policy covers and what the jargon means.

- How Insurance Works — https://learnposters.com/p/how-insurance-works — https://learnposters.com/pdf/how-insurance-works.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Pooled risk, and why the expected value is always against you.
- Insurance Jargon — https://learnposters.com/p/insurance-jargon — https://learnposters.com/pdf/insurance-jargon.pdf — A 8-row table: Term · Means. The words on every policy, defined plainly.
- Home Insurance — https://learnposters.com/p/home-insurance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/home-insurance.pdf — Buildings against Contents, side by side. Buildings and contents are separate covers, and both are commonly wrong.
- Car Insurance — https://learnposters.com/p/car-insurance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/car-insurance.pdf — A 6-row table: Level · Covers. The levels of cover, and what actually moves the premium.
- Health Insurance — https://learnposters.com/p/health-insurance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/health-insurance.pdf — A 7-row table: Term · Means. The vocabulary, and the interaction that surprises people most.
- Life Insurance — https://learnposters.com/p/life-insurance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/life-insurance.pdf — Term against Whole of life, side by side. Term versus whole-of-life, and the question that decides which.
- Income Protection — https://learnposters.com/p/income-protection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/income-protection.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The cover most people lack, against the risk most likely to occur.
- Travel Insurance — https://learnposters.com/p/travel-insurance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/travel-insurance.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. What it actually covers, and the exclusions that catch people out.
- Making a Claim — https://learnposters.com/p/insurance-claims — https://learnposters.com/pdf/insurance-claims.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The steps, in order, and the mistakes that weaken a claim.
- Which Insurance Is Worth It — https://learnposters.com/p/do-you-need-it — https://learnposters.com/pdf/do-you-need-it.pdf — A 9-row table: Cover · Priority · Why. A rough ranking of cover by how much it matters.
- What Sets Your Premium — https://learnposters.com/p/premium-factors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/premium-factors.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. The factors insurers actually price on, and the ones you can change.
- Insurance Red Flags — https://learnposters.com/p/insurance-red-flags — https://learnposters.com/pdf/insurance-red-flags.pdf — 11 entries in 3 groups. Signals that a policy will not do what you expect.

#### Property — Renting, buying and the costs nobody mentions.

- The Cost of Buying — https://learnposters.com/p/cost-of-buying — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cost-of-buying.pdf — A 7-row table: Cost · Roughly · When. Everything you pay beyond the deposit, and roughly what each costs.
- Mortgage Types — https://learnposters.com/p/mortgage-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mortgage-types.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · Rate · Suits. Fixed, variable and tracker — what each does when rates move.
- How Much Can You Borrow — https://learnposters.com/p/mortgage-affordability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mortgage-affordability.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What lenders actually assess, beyond the income multiple.
- Loan to Value — https://learnposters.com/p/loan-to-value — https://learnposters.com/pdf/loan-to-value.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The single number that most affects your mortgage rate.
- Renting — https://learnposters.com/p/renting-rights — https://learnposters.com/pdf/renting-rights.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What to check before signing, and what a deposit scheme is for.
- Buying vs Renting — https://learnposters.com/p/buying-vs-renting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/buying-vs-renting.pdf — Buying — real costs against Renting — real costs, side by side. The comparison done honestly, including the costs each side forgets.
- Running Costs — https://learnposters.com/p/home-running-costs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/home-running-costs.pdf — A 6-row table: Cost · Roughly · Note. The ongoing costs of a home, beyond the mortgage.
- Energy Efficiency — https://learnposters.com/p/energy-efficiency — https://learnposters.com/pdf/energy-efficiency.pdf — A 8-row table: Measure · Cost · Payback. What actually reduces a home's energy use, ordered by payback.
- Property Surveys — https://learnposters.com/p/survey-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/survey-types.pdf — A 5-row table: Level · Covers · Cost. The levels of survey, and what each will and will not find.
- Leasehold & Freehold — https://learnposters.com/p/leasehold-vs-freehold — https://learnposters.com/pdf/leasehold-vs-freehold.pdf — Freehold against Leasehold, side by side. What you actually own in each case, and the traps in leasehold.
- Moving Checklist — https://learnposters.com/p/moving-checklist — https://learnposters.com/pdf/moving-checklist.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What to do and when, in the weeks around a move.
- Home Emergencies — https://learnposters.com/p/home-emergency — https://learnposters.com/pdf/home-emergency.pdf — 10 entries in 3 groups. Where the shut-offs are, and what to do first.

#### Investing — Assets, risk, fees and the vocabulary of a portfolio.

- Asset Classes — https://learnposters.com/p/asset-classes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/asset-classes.pdf — A 7-row table: Asset · Typically · Risk. What you can own, and how each behaves.
- Risk & Return — https://learnposters.com/p/risk-and-return — https://learnposters.com/pdf/risk-and-return.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why higher expected returns come with more volatility, and what risk means.
- Diversification — https://learnposters.com/p/diversification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/diversification.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The one thing that cuts risk without cutting expected return.
- Index Funds — https://learnposters.com/p/index-funds — https://learnposters.com/pdf/index-funds.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What an index fund does, and why cost matters so much.
- Fees — https://learnposters.com/p/investment-fees — https://learnposters.com/pdf/investment-fees.pdf — A 6-row table: Fee · Charged by · Typical. Every layer of cost, and how to see the total.
- Time in the Market — https://learnposters.com/p/compounding-and-time — https://learnposters.com/pdf/compounding-and-time.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why missing a handful of days matters so much, and what that implies.
- Investing Regularly — https://learnposters.com/p/pound-cost-averaging — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pound-cost-averaging.pdf — Regular investing against Lump sum, side by side. What regular investing does, and what it does not.
- Bonds — https://learnposters.com/p/bonds-explained — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bonds-explained.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What a bond is, and why its price moves opposite to interest rates.
- Tax Wrappers — https://learnposters.com/p/investment-accounts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/investment-accounts.pdf — A 6-row table: Country · Account · Benefit. Why the account matters as much as what is inside it.
- Investment Scams — https://learnposters.com/p/investment-scams — https://learnposters.com/pdf/investment-scams.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. The patterns behind almost every investment fraud.
- Rebalancing — https://learnposters.com/p/portfolio-rebalancing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/portfolio-rebalancing.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Why a portfolio drifts, and what to do about it.
- Behavioural Traps — https://learnposters.com/p/investing-behaviour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/investing-behaviour.pdf — A 6-row table: Trap · What happens. The mistakes investors make repeatedly, and the defences against them.
- Order of Operations — https://learnposters.com/p/emergency-before-investing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/emergency-before-investing.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What to do with money, in order, before investing anything.
- Fund Factsheets — https://learnposters.com/p/reading-a-fund-factsheet — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reading-a-fund-factsheet.pdf — A 7-row table: Line · Why it matters. The lines that matter on a fund factsheet, and the ones that do not.

### Kitchen (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/kitchen — Conversions, temperatures and technique — where they are needed.

#### Measures — Conversions, substitutions and pan sizes.

- Volume Conversions — https://learnposters.com/p/volume-conversions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/volume-conversions.pdf — A 9-row table: Measure · ml · Also. Cups, spoons, millilitres and ounces, with the US and UK difference called out.
- Weights & Cup Equivalents — https://learnposters.com/p/weight-conversions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/weight-conversions.pdf — A 8-row table: 1 cup of · grams · ounces. What a cup of each common ingredient actually weighs.
- Oven Temperatures — https://learnposters.com/p/oven-temperatures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/oven-temperatures.pdf — A 8-row table: °C · °C fan · °F / Gas. Celsius, Fahrenheit and gas mark side by side, plus the fan adjustment.
- Substitutions — https://learnposters.com/p/ingredient-substitutions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ingredient-substitutions.pdf — A 8-row table: Missing · Use instead. What to use when you are one ingredient short, in the amounts that work.
- US & UK Kitchen Terms — https://learnposters.com/p/us-uk-terms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/us-uk-terms.pdf — A 9-row table: US · UK · Note. The same ingredient under two names, and the terms that mean different things.
- Scaling a Recipe — https://learnposters.com/p/scaling-recipes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/scaling-recipes.pdf — A 7-row table: Element · Scales? · Note. What scales linearly and what does not.
- Measuring Accurately — https://learnposters.com/p/measuring-accurately — https://learnposters.com/pdf/measuring-accurately.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. Where volume measurement goes wrong, and when it matters.
- Standard Timings — https://learnposters.com/p/kitchen-timings — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kitchen-timings.pdf — A 8-row table: Food · Time · Test. Reference cooking times for common staples.
- Metric & Imperial — https://learnposters.com/p/metric-imperial — https://learnposters.com/pdf/metric-imperial.pdf — A 8-row table: Imperial · Metric · Round to. Weight and length conversions for the kitchen.
- Yields — https://learnposters.com/p/yield-and-portions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/yield-and-portions.pdf — A 7-row table: Food · Raw per person · Cooked. How much raw becomes how much cooked, for planning quantities.
- Reading a Recipe — https://learnposters.com/p/reading-a-recipe — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reading-a-recipe.pdf — 11 entries in 3 groups. Reading one before you cook, and the punctuation that changes an amount.
- Baking at Altitude — https://learnposters.com/p/altitude-baking — https://learnposters.com/pdf/altitude-baking.pdf — A 6-row table: Adjust · Direction · Roughly. What changes above about 1,000 m, and how to compensate.
- Baker's Percentages — https://learnposters.com/p/hydration-percentage — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hydration-percentage.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How bakers scale recipes, expressed against flour.
- Sourdough Timings — https://learnposters.com/p/sourdough-timings — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sourdough-timings.pdf — A 5-row table: Dough temp · Bulk ferment · Note. How temperature changes fermentation time, and how to work with it.
- Brining — https://learnposters.com/p/brine-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brine-ratios.pdf — A 6-row table: Use · Salt % · Time. Salt concentrations for brining and curing, by weight.
- Coffee Ratios — https://learnposters.com/p/coffee-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/coffee-ratios.pdf — A 6-row table: Method · Ratio · Grind. Coffee to water by method, and the two variables that matter most.

#### Technique — Knife cuts, cooking methods and doneness.

- Knife Cuts — https://learnposters.com/p/knife-cuts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/knife-cuts.pdf — A 8-row table: Cut · Size · Used for. The classical cuts by name and size, and why uniformity matters.
- Cooking Methods — https://learnposters.com/p/cooking-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cooking-methods.pdf — Dry heat — fast, browns against Moist heat — slow, tenderises, side by side. Dry heat against moist heat, and which cuts each one suits.
- Doneness Temperatures — https://learnposters.com/p/cooking-temperatures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cooking-temperatures.pdf — A 8-row table: Food · Target · Note. Internal temperatures for meat and fish, and the safe minimums.
- Searing — https://learnposters.com/p/searing-and-maillard — https://learnposters.com/pdf/searing-and-maillard.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What browning actually is, and the three things that prevent it.
- Resting Meat — https://learnposters.com/p/resting-meat — https://learnposters.com/pdf/resting-meat.pdf — A 6-row table: Cut · Rest · Carryover. Why resting matters, and how long each cut needs.
- Braising — https://learnposters.com/p/braising — https://learnposters.com/pdf/braising.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The method that turns the cheapest cuts into the best dishes.
- Roasting Vegetables — https://learnposters.com/p/roasting-vegetables — https://learnposters.com/pdf/roasting-vegetables.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Why roast vegetables come out soft instead of caramelised.
- Frying — https://learnposters.com/p/frying-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/frying-methods.pdf — A 6-row table: Method · Fat · Temp. Four different things all called frying, and the temperature each needs.
- Steaming & Poaching — https://learnposters.com/p/steaming-and-poaching — https://learnposters.com/pdf/steaming-and-poaching.pdf — Steaming against Poaching, side by side. Two gentle methods, and what each preserves.
- Blanching — https://learnposters.com/p/blanching — https://learnposters.com/pdf/blanching.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Brief boiling then ice water, and the three jobs it does.
- Emulsifying — https://learnposters.com/p/emulsifying — https://learnposters.com/pdf/emulsifying.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Making oil and water combine, and why it sometimes will not.
- Reducing — https://learnposters.com/p/reducing-sauces — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reducing-sauces.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Concentrating flavour by evaporation, and what it does to salt.
- Caramelisation — https://learnposters.com/p/caramelisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/caramelisation.pdf — A 8-row table: Stage · Temp · Use. Sugar's stages by temperature, and what each is used for.
- Kneading — https://learnposters.com/p/kneading-and-gluten — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kneading-and-gluten.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What kneading does, and how to tell when it is finished.
- Folding — https://learnposters.com/p/folding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/folding.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Combining without losing the air you just whipped in.
- Deglazing — https://learnposters.com/p/deglazing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/deglazing.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Turning the stuck-on residue into sauce, in ninety seconds.
- Mise en Place — https://learnposters.com/p/mise-en-place — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mise-en-place.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Preparing everything before the heat goes on, and why it matters most.
- Tasting & Adjusting — https://learnposters.com/p/tasting-and-adjusting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tasting-and-adjusting.pdf — A 7-row table: Tastes · Try · Because. A diagnostic sequence for a dish that is not quite right.
- Plating — https://learnposters.com/p/plating — https://learnposters.com/pdf/plating.pdf — 11 entries in 3 groups. A few principles that make food look considered rather than arranged.
- Batch Cooking — https://learnposters.com/p/batch-cooking — https://learnposters.com/pdf/batch-cooking.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Cooking once and eating several times, without it all tasting the same.

#### Ratios — The proportions behind bread, sauces and dressings.

- Baking Ratios — https://learnposters.com/p/baking-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/baking-ratios.pdf — A 7-row table: What · Ratio · Reads as. The weight proportions behind whole categories of baking.
- Sauce & Dressing Ratios — https://learnposters.com/p/sauce-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sauce-ratios.pdf — 14 entries in 4 groups. Vinaigrette, roux and the mother sauces, as proportions rather than recipes.
- Soup Ratios — https://learnposters.com/p/stock-to-soup-ratio — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stock-to-soup-ratio.pdf — A 5-row table: Soup · Ratio · Note. The proportions behind soups, so a recipe becomes optional.
- Custard Ratios — https://learnposters.com/p/custard-and-curd — https://learnposters.com/pdf/custard-and-curd.pdf — A 6-row table: Custard · Eggs · Result. Egg to liquid for set and pouring custards.
- Cake Ratios — https://learnposters.com/p/cake-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cake-ratios.pdf — A 5-row table: Cake · Ratio · Reads as. The classic proportions behind whole families of cake.
- Cocktail Ratios — https://learnposters.com/p/cocktail-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cocktail-ratios.pdf — A 6-row table: Template · Ratio · Example. The classic templates, from which most drinks are variations.
- Pickling Ratios — https://learnposters.com/p/pickling-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pickling-ratios.pdf — A 5-row table: Pickle · Ratio · Time. Quick pickle brines, and the difference from fermentation.
- Marinade Ratios — https://learnposters.com/p/marinade-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/marinade-ratios.pdf — A 7-row table: Protein · Time · Note. The components of a marinade, and how long each protein needs.
- Doughs — https://learnposters.com/p/dough-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dough-ratios.pdf — A 6-row table: Dough · Ratio · Note. Bread, pizza, pastry and pasta as ratios by weight.
- Seasoning by Weight — https://learnposters.com/p/seasoning-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/seasoning-ratios.pdf — A 7-row table: Food · Salt % · Note. How much salt to use, as a percentage rather than a guess.
- Thickening — https://learnposters.com/p/thickening-agents — https://learnposters.com/pdf/thickening-agents.pdf — A 6-row table: Thickener · Amount · Note. How much of each thickener per volume of liquid, and how each behaves.
- Emulsions — https://learnposters.com/p/emulsion-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/emulsion-ratios.pdf — A 5-row table: Emulsion · Emulsifier · Holds. How much oil each emulsifier can hold, and how to rescue a split one.

#### Ingredients — What each one does, how to store it, when it is in season.

- Storing Vegetables — https://learnposters.com/p/storing-vegetables — https://learnposters.com/pdf/storing-vegetables.pdf — A 8-row table: Item · Where · Note. What belongs in the fridge, what does not, and what ruins its neighbours.
- Herbs & Spices — https://learnposters.com/p/herbs-and-spices — https://learnposters.com/pdf/herbs-and-spices.pdf — Hardy — add early against Soft — add late, side by side. When to add each, and why the timing changes the result.
- Salt — https://learnposters.com/p/salt-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/salt-types.pdf — A 5-row table: Salt · Use for · Note. Why salts are not interchangeable by volume, and which to use where.
- Cooking Fats — https://learnposters.com/p/cooking-fats — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cooking-fats.pdf — A 7-row table: Fat · Smoke point · Best for. Smoke points, and which fat suits which method.
- Eggs — https://learnposters.com/p/eggs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/eggs.pdf — A 7-row table: Minutes · Result. How to tell if one is fresh, and what each cooking time produces.
- Flour — https://learnposters.com/p/flour-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/flour-types.pdf — A 6-row table: Flour · Protein · For. What protein content does, and which flour suits which job.
- Raising Agents — https://learnposters.com/p/raising-agents — https://learnposters.com/pdf/raising-agents.pdf — A 5-row table: Agent · Needs · Speed. How each one lifts a bake, and why they are not interchangeable.
- Sugars — https://learnposters.com/p/sugar-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sugar-types.pdf — A 6-row table: Sugar · Also does · Use. What each sugar does beyond sweetness.
- Dairy & Cream — https://learnposters.com/p/dairy-and-cream — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dairy-and-cream.pdf — A 7-row table: Product · Fat · Whips?. Fat percentages, and which creams will whip or split.
- Rice — https://learnposters.com/p/rice-varieties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rice-varieties.pdf — A 6-row table: Rice · Ratio · For. Which rice for which dish, and the ratio each needs.
- Pasta Shapes — https://learnposters.com/p/pasta-shapes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pasta-shapes.pdf — A 7-row table: Shape · Sauce · Why. Why shape and sauce are matched, and the pairings that work.
- Choosing Fish — https://learnposters.com/p/choosing-fish — https://learnposters.com/pdf/choosing-fish.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. How to tell fresh fish, and how each type suits cooking.
- Cuts of Beef — https://learnposters.com/p/cuts-of-beef — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cuts-of-beef.pdf — A 7-row table: Cut · From · Cook. Where each cut comes from, and why that decides how to cook it.
- Pulses & Beans — https://learnposters.com/p/pulses-and-beans — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pulses-and-beans.pdf — A 7-row table: Pulse · Soak · Cook. Soaking, cooking times, and the one that is genuinely dangerous undercooked.
- Eating Seasonally — https://learnposters.com/p/seasonal-produce — https://learnposters.com/pdf/seasonal-produce.pdf — A 4-row table: Season · Vegetables · Fruit. Roughly what is in season when, in a temperate climate.
- Building Flavour — https://learnposters.com/p/umami-and-flavour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/umami-and-flavour.pdf — A 5-row table: Taste · From · Adds. The five tastes, and how to fix a dish that tastes flat.
- Chillies — https://learnposters.com/p/chillies-and-heat — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chillies-and-heat.pdf — A 8-row table: Chilli · SHU · Note. Relative heat, and how to reduce it once it is too much.
- Cheese — https://learnposters.com/p/cheese-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cheese-types.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · Examples · Melts?. Categories by moisture and age, and which melt.
- Stock — https://learnposters.com/p/stock-and-broth — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stock-and-broth.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What separates stock from broth, and how to make one worth using.
- Storing Bread — https://learnposters.com/p/bread-storage — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bread-storage.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Where bread should and should not go, and why.

#### Food safety — Temperatures, storage times and the rules that prevent illness.

- Fridge Organisation — https://learnposters.com/p/fridge-organisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fridge-organisation.pdf — A 5-row table: Shelf · Store · Why. Where each food belongs, and why the order matters.
- Fridge & Freezer Temperature — https://learnposters.com/p/fridge-temperature — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fridge-temperature.pdf — A 5-row table: Zone · Temperature · Effect. The temperatures that matter, and the danger zone between them.
- Leftovers — https://learnposters.com/p/leftovers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/leftovers.pdf — A 7-row table: Food · Fridge · Freezer. How long each food keeps, and how to cool it safely.
- Defrosting Safely — https://learnposters.com/p/defrosting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/defrosting.pdf — A 5-row table: Method · Time · Note. Three safe methods, and the one that is never safe.
- Use By & Best Before — https://learnposters.com/p/use-by-vs-best-before — https://learnposters.com/pdf/use-by-vs-best-before.pdf — Use by — safety against Best before — quality, side by side. Two very different dates, and which one is about safety.
- Cross-Contamination — https://learnposters.com/p/cross-contamination — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cross-contamination.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. The routes bacteria travel in a kitchen, and how to block each.
- Cleaning — https://learnposters.com/p/cleaning-a-kitchen — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cleaning-a-kitchen.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The difference between clean and sanitised, and the order to do them in.
- The Major Allergens — https://learnposters.com/p/food-allergens — https://learnposters.com/pdf/food-allergens.pdf — 18 entries in 3 groups. The allergens that must be declared, and what avoiding them requires.
- Preserving Safely — https://learnposters.com/p/canning-and-preserving — https://learnposters.com/pdf/canning-and-preserving.pdf — Water bath — high acid against Pressure canning — low acid, side by side. Which foods can be preserved by which method, and the one real danger.
- Barbecue Safety — https://learnposters.com/p/bbq-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bbq-safety.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Cooking outdoors safely, where undercooking is most likely.
- Food Poisoning — https://learnposters.com/p/food-poisoning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/food-poisoning.pdf — A 7-row table: Cause · Onset · Typical source. The common causes, their timing, and when it needs medical attention.
- Kitchen Fires — https://learnposters.com/p/kitchen-fire-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kitchen-fire-safety.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The commonest cause of house fires, and what to do — and never do.

#### Equipment — Pans, knives and the tools worth owning.

- The Essential Kit — https://learnposters.com/p/essential-kitchen-kit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/essential-kitchen-kit.pdf — 17 entries in 4 groups. What a kitchen genuinely needs, and what it does not.
- Choosing Pans — https://learnposters.com/p/choosing-pans — https://learnposters.com/pdf/choosing-pans.pdf — A 6-row table: Material · Good at · Avoid. What each material does well, and what it should never be used for.
- Sharpening — https://learnposters.com/p/knife-sharpening — https://learnposters.com/pdf/knife-sharpening.pdf — Honing — every few uses against Sharpening — every few months, side by side. Honing and sharpening are different jobs. Most people only do one.
- Thermometers — https://learnposters.com/p/kitchen-thermometers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kitchen-thermometers.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · For · Note. Which type suits which job, and where to put the probe.
- Oven Types — https://learnposters.com/p/oven-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/oven-types.pdf — A 6-row table: Setting · Does · For. Fan, conventional and grill — what each does and when to use it.
- Blenders & Processors — https://learnposters.com/p/blenders-and-processors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/blenders-and-processors.pdf — A 6-row table: Machine · Best for · Poor at. Which machine does which job, and why they are not interchangeable.
- Tin Sizes — https://learnposters.com/p/pan-sizes-and-substitutions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pan-sizes-and-substitutions.pdf — A 6-row table: Tin · Volume · Swap with. Swapping baking tins without ruining the bake.
- Cast Iron — https://learnposters.com/p/caring-for-cast-iron — https://learnposters.com/pdf/caring-for-cast-iron.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Seasoning, cleaning and the myths that persist.
- Working in a Small Kitchen — https://learnposters.com/p/small-kitchen-setup — https://learnposters.com/pdf/small-kitchen-setup.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. Arranging a small space so cooking is not obstructed by it.
- Cleaning Equipment — https://learnposters.com/p/cleaning-equipment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cleaning-equipment.pdf — A 7-row table: Item · Dishwasher? · Note. What each material tolerates, and what quietly destroys it.

#### Cuisines — The pantry and the flavour base of a dozen kitchens.

- Italian Pantry — https://learnposters.com/p/italian-pantry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/italian-pantry.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. What to keep in, and the principle behind Italian cooking.
- Indian Spice Box — https://learnposters.com/p/indian-spices — https://learnposters.com/pdf/indian-spices.pdf — 15 entries in 3 groups. The core spices, and the two ways they are used.
- Chinese Pantry — https://learnposters.com/p/chinese-pantry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chinese-pantry.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. The sauces and aromatics, and the technique that defines the cooking.
- Mexican Pantry — https://learnposters.com/p/mexican-pantry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mexican-pantry.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. The chillies and staples, and the step most recipes skip.
- Japanese Pantry — https://learnposters.com/p/japanese-pantry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/japanese-pantry.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. The small number of ingredients behind most Japanese home cooking.
- Middle Eastern Pantry — https://learnposters.com/p/middle-eastern-pantry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/middle-eastern-pantry.pdf — 15 entries in 3 groups. The spices, souring agents and staples across the region.
- French Foundations — https://learnposters.com/p/french-technique — https://learnposters.com/pdf/french-technique.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. The techniques French cooking is built on, most of which are portable.
- Thai Balance — https://learnposters.com/p/thai-balance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/thai-balance.pdf — A 5-row table: Taste · From · Adjust with. The four tastes Thai cooking balances, and what supplies each.
- Breads — https://learnposters.com/p/bread-around-the-world — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bread-around-the-world.pdf — A 9-row table: Bread · From · Defined by. The main bread families, and what makes each one different.
- Ingredient Substitutions by Cuisine — https://learnposters.com/p/regional-substitutions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/regional-substitutions.pdf — A 8-row table: Missing · Use · How close. What to use when an ingredient is unavailable, and what it costs.

### Chess (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/chess — Openings, patterns and endgames worth memorising.

#### Fundamentals — Movement, notation, values and the opening principles.

- Piece Values — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-piece-values — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-piece-values.pdf — A 6-row table: Piece · Value · Note. What each piece is worth, and the cases where the number is wrong.
- Algebraic Notation — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-notation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-notation.pdf — 22 entries in 4 groups. How to read and write a game: files, ranks, symbols, special cases.
- Opening Principles — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-opening-principles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-opening-principles.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Five rules that replace memorising lines for your first thousand games.
- How the Pieces Move — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-how-pieces-move — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-how-pieces-move.pdf — A 6-row table: Piece · Moves · Note. Every piece's movement, including the three special rules.
- The Three Special Moves — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-special-moves — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-special-moves.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Castling, en passant and promotion — the rules people get wrong.
- Check, Mate & Stalemate — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-check-and-mate — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-check-and-mate.pdf — A 6-row table: State · Means · Result. The three states, and the one that turns a win into a draw.
- Setting Up the Board — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-board-setup — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-board-setup.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The orientation and the piece order, with the two mnemonics.
- Naming the Squares — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-square-names — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-square-names.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The coordinate system, and the colour rule that helps you visualise.
- Rules of Play — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-touch-move — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-touch-move.pdf — 11 entries in 3 groups. Touch-move, illegal moves and the etiquette of a real game.
- Chess Clocks — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-clocks — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-clocks.pdf — A 6-row table: Format · Time · Character. Time controls, increments, and what happens when the flag falls.
- Piece Mobility — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-piece-mobility — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-piece-mobility.pdf — A 5-row table: Piece · Centre · Corner. How many squares each piece controls, and where.
- Your First Game — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-first-game — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-first-game.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What to actually do, in order, if you have just learnt the moves.
- Material Imbalances — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-material-imbalances — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-material-imbalances.pdf — A 6-row table: Imbalance · Points · In practice. What each unequal trade is worth, and when the numbers mislead.
- Ways a Game Can Be Drawn — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-draw-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-draw-types.pdf — A 7-row table: Draw · Automatic?. All six routes to a draw, including the ones you must claim.
- Recording a Game — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-notation-recording — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-notation-recording.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How to keep a scoresheet, and why it is worth doing.
- Online & Over the Board — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-online-vs-otb — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-online-vs-otb.pdf — Online against Over the board, side by side. What differs between screen and board, and what carries over.

#### Tactics — Forks, pins, skewers and the mating patterns.

- Tactical Motifs — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-tactical-motifs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-tactical-motifs.pdf — A 7-row table: Motif · What it is. The seven patterns behind almost every combination.
- Checkmate Patterns — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-checkmate-patterns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-checkmate-patterns.pdf — A 7-row table: Pattern · Needs. The named mates worth recognising instantly, and what each needs.
- Before You Move — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-tactics-checklist — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-tactics-checklist.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The blunder check that costs ten seconds and saves most games.
- Forks — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-fork — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-fork.pdf — A 6-row table: Piece · Forks · Look for. One piece attacking two, and which pieces fork best.
- Pins — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-pin — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-pin.pdf — Absolute pin against Relative pin, side by side. Absolute and relative pins, and how to exploit each.
- Skewers — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-skewer — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-skewer.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. A pin in reverse, and why it wins material more directly.
- Discovered Attacks — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-discovered-attack — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-discovered-attack.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Moving one piece to unleash another, and why it is so strong.
- Deflection & Decoy — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-deflection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-deflection.pdf — Deflection against Decoy, side by side. Two ways to move a piece off a square, and how they differ.
- In-Between Moves — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-zwischenzug — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-zwischenzug.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Inserting a forcing move before the expected reply.
- Back Rank Mate — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-back-rank — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-back-rank.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The most common checkmate at every level, and how to prevent it.
- Smothered Mate — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-smothered-mate — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-smothered-mate.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The knight mate against a king boxed in by its own pieces.
- Clearance & Interference — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-clearance-and-interference — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-clearance-and-interference.pdf — Clearance against Interference, side by side. Two rarer motifs that decide sharp positions.
- The Desperado — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-desperado — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-desperado.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Making a doomed piece pay for itself before it dies.
- The Windmill — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-windmill — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-windmill.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. A repeating discovered check that harvests material.
- Overloaded Pieces — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-overloaded-defender — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-overloaded-defender.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A piece defending two things cannot defend both.
- Trapping Pieces — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-trapped-pieces — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-trapped-pieces.pdf — A 4-row table: Piece · Trapped by · Classic case. How pieces get trapped, and which are most vulnerable.
- Calculating — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-calculation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-calculation.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A method for calculating a line without getting lost.
- Sacrifices — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-sacrifices — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-sacrifices.pdf — Sham sacrifice against Real sacrifice, side by side. The two kinds of sacrifice, and how confident you need to be.
- Defensive Tactics — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-defensive-tactics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-defensive-tactics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The resources that save lost positions.
- Finding Tactics — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-tactic-checklist — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-tactic-checklist.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A scanning routine for spotting tactics in your own games.

#### Endgames — The positions you must know cold.

- Basic Checkmates — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-basic-checkmates — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-basic-checkmates.pdf — A 7-row table: Material · Result · Moves. Forcing mate with minimum material, and how many moves each takes.
- Pawn Endgames — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-pawn-endgames — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-pawn-endgames.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Opposition, the square rule, and the two ideas that decide king-and-pawn races.
- Endgame Principles — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-endgame-principles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-endgame-principles.pdf — In the opening against In the endgame, side by side. What changes once the queens come off, and how to play it.
- Rook Endgames — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-rook-endgames — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-rook-endgames.pdf — Lucena — winning against Philidor — drawing, side by side. The most common endgame, and the two positions that decide most of them.
- Rook Behind the Pawn — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-rook-behind-pawn — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-rook-behind-pawn.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The single most useful rule in rook endings.
- King & Pawn vs King — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-king-and-pawn-vs-king — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-king-and-pawn-vs-king.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The fundamental endgame, and the rule that decides it.
- The Opposition — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-opposition — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-opposition.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The king manoeuvre that decides pawn endgames.
- Passed Pawns — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-passed-pawns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-passed-pawns.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Creating them, escorting them, and stopping them.
- Pawn Majorities — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-pawn-majority — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-pawn-majority.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Turning a majority of pawns into a passed pawn.
- Bishop Endgames — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-bishop-endgames — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-bishop-endgames.pdf — Same-coloured against Opposite-coloured, side by side. Same-colour and opposite-colour bishops behave completely differently.
- Knight Endgames — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-knight-endgames — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-knight-endgames.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How knights behave in endings, and why they resemble pawn endings.
- Queen vs Pawn — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-queen-vs-pawn — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-queen-vs-pawn.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Stopping a pawn on the seventh with a queen, and the two exceptions.
- King Activity — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-endgame-king-activity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-endgame-king-activity.pdf — Middlegame king against Endgame king, side by side. The king becomes a strong piece once the queens are off.
- Fortresses — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-fortress — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-fortress.pdf — A 6-row table: Fortress · Despite. Drawn positions that cannot be broken despite material deficit.
- Zugzwang — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-zugzwang — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-zugzwang.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Being forced to move, when every move loses.
- Rook vs Minor Piece — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-rook-vs-minor-piece — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-rook-vs-minor-piece.pdf — A 6-row table: Position · Result. When the exchange wins, and when it does not.
- Two Bishops Mate — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-two-bishops-mate — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-two-bishops-mate.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Forcing mate with two bishops, in about twenty moves.
- Simplifying to Win — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-simplifying — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-simplifying.pdf — A 6-row table: Situation · Trade · Avoid. Which trades help when ahead, and the endgame to aim at.
- Tablebases — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-endgame-tablebase — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-endgame-tablebase.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What perfect endgame knowledge showed, and what it changed.
- Which Endgames to Learn — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-which-endgames-to-learn — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-which-endgames-to-learn.pdf — A 8-row table: Priority · Endgame. The endgames that actually occur, in the order worth learning them.

#### Openings — The main lines, their ideas, and what each one is trying to do.

- 1.e4 or 1.d4 — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-e4-vs-d4 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-e4-vs-d4.pdf — 1.e4 — open games against 1.d4 — closed games, side by side. The two main first moves, and the kind of game each tends to produce.
- The Italian Game — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-italian-game — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-italian-game.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The classical opening, and the ideas behind each move.
- The Ruy Lopez — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-ruy-lopez — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-ruy-lopez.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The Spanish Game, and why 3.Bb5 is more subtle than it looks.
- The Sicilian Defence — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-sicilian — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-sicilian.pdf — A 7-row table: Variation · Moves · Character. The most popular answer to 1.e4, and what Black is actually doing.
- The French Defence — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-french-defence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-french-defence.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. 1...e6, the solid choice, and the problem it creates for Black.
- The Caro-Kann — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-caro-kann — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-caro-kann.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. 1...c6, and why it solves the French's main problem.
- The Queen's Gambit — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-queens-gambit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-queens-gambit.pdf — Declined (2...e6) against Accepted (2...dxc4), side by side. Not really a gambit, and what happens if Black takes.
- The London System — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-london-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-london-system.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A setup you can play against almost anything, and its trade-off.
- The King's Indian Defence — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-kings-indian — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-kings-indian.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Letting White build a big centre, then attacking it.
- The Scandinavian — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-scandinavian — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-scandinavian.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. 1...d5, the most direct answer to 1.e4, and its cost.
- The English Opening — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-english-opening — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-english-opening.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. 1.c4, and the flexibility it buys.
- Common Opening Traps — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-opening-traps — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-opening-traps.pdf — A 7-row table: Trap · Line · Idea. The traps that actually appear in club games, from both sides.
- Gambits — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-gambits — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-gambits.pdf — A 6-row table: Gambit · Line · Compensation. What you buy with a sacrificed pawn, and when it is worth it.
- Choosing an Opening — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-how-to-choose-an-opening — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-how-to-choose-an-opening.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How to build a repertoire without memorising thousands of moves.
- Transpositions — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-transpositions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-transpositions.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How different move orders reach the same position, and why it matters.
- Tempo & Development — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-development-tempo — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-development-tempo.pdf — A 6-row table: Action · Effect. What a tempo is worth, and how it is gained and lost.
- Opening Pawn Structures — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-pawn-structures-opening — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-pawn-structures-opening.pdf — A 6-row table: Structure · From · Plan. The structures the main openings produce, and the plans they dictate.
- Preparation — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-preparing-for-opponents — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-preparing-for-opponents.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How to prepare for a specific opponent, without over-investing.
- Avoiding Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-avoiding-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-avoiding-theory.pdf — A 6-row table: As · Opening · Idea. Sound openings that need very little memorisation.
- Common Opening Mistakes — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-opening-mistakes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-opening-mistakes.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The errors that decide most club games in the first fifteen moves.
- The First Fifteen Moves — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-first-15-moves — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-first-15-moves.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A checklist for the opening phase, whichever opening you play.
- The Fianchetto — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-fianchetto — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-fianchetto.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Developing a bishop to the long diagonal, and what it costs.
- Controlling the Centre — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-centre-control — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-centre-control.pdf — Classical — occupy it against Hypermodern — control it, side by side. Two ways to control the centre, and why both are valid.
- When to Castle — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-castling-decisions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-castling-decisions.pdf — A 6-row table: Situation · Consider. Which side to castle, and when not to castle at all.

#### Middlegame — Plans, structures and what to do when the book runs out.

- Making a Plan — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-making-a-plan — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-making-a-plan.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How to decide what to do when the opening ends and no move is forced.
- Weak Squares & Outposts — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-weak-squares — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-weak-squares.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Squares no pawn can defend, and what to put on them.
- Open Files — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-open-files — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-open-files.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Where rooks belong, and how to win a file.
- Good & Bad Bishops — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-good-vs-bad-bishop — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-good-vs-bad-bishop.pdf — Good bishop against Bad bishop, side by side. What makes a bishop bad, and the three ways to fix one.
- Bishop or Knight — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-bishop-vs-knight — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-bishop-vs-knight.pdf — Bishops are better when against Knights are better when, side by side. When each minor piece is stronger, and what to trade toward.
- Attacking the King — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-attacking-the-king — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-attacking-the-king.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The conditions an attack needs, and what to do when they are absent.
- Defending — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-defending — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-defending.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. How to defend a worse position, and the mistakes that lose it faster.
- Prophylaxis — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-prophylaxis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-prophylaxis.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Preventing the opponent's plan before pursuing your own.
- When to Trade — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-exchanges — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-exchanges.pdf — A 7-row table: Situation · Trade?. The rules of thumb for exchanging, and the exceptions.
- Pawn Weaknesses — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-pawn-weaknesses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-pawn-weaknesses.pdf — A 5-row table: Weakness · Is · Problem. The structural weaknesses to create in their position and avoid in your own.
- Coordination — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-piece-coordination — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-piece-coordination.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Pieces working together, and how to spot when they are not.
- Space — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-space-advantage — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-space-advantage.pdf — With more space against With less space, side by side. What a space advantage gives you, and how to keep it.

#### Improvement — Study method, time management and how rating actually moves.

- How to Improve — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-study-plan — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-study-plan.pdf — A 5-row table: Rating · Spend most time on. Where study time actually pays off, by rating band.
- Analysing Your Games — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-analysing-games — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-analysing-games.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How to review a game so that it teaches you something.
- Tactics Training — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-tactics-training — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-tactics-training.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How to practise puzzles so they transfer to real games.
- Time Management — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-time-management — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-time-management.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. How to spend clock time, and where it is wasted.
- The Blunder Check — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-blunder-check — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-blunder-check.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A ten-second routine before every move.
- Rating Systems — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-rating-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-rating-systems.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What a rating means, and why it moves the way it does.
- What to Study First — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-openings-vs-tactics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-openings-vs-tactics.pdf — Where games are lost against Where time is spent, side by side. Where club players actually lose games, against where they spend study time.
- Playing Stronger Players — https://learnposters.com/p/chess-playing-stronger-opponents — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chess-playing-stronger-opponents.pdf — 10 entries in 3 groups. How to get the most from games you will probably lose.

### Practical skills (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/practical — Knots, symbols and the household references nobody teaches.

#### Home — Laundry, tools and the symbols on the label.

- Laundry Symbols — https://learnposters.com/p/laundry-symbols — https://learnposters.com/pdf/laundry-symbols.pdf — 18 entries in 4 groups. What the shapes on a care label mean, grouped by the machine they refer to.
- The Basic Toolkit — https://learnposters.com/p/hand-tools — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hand-tools.pdf — 14 entries in 4 groups. The dozen tools that handle nearly every household repair, and what each is really for.
- Drills, Screws & Plugs — https://learnposters.com/p/drill-and-screw-sizes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drill-and-screw-sizes.pdf — A 5-row table: Screw · Pilot bit · Wall plug. Which drill bit for which screw, and which wall plug for which wall.
- Cleaning Products — https://learnposters.com/p/cleaning-products — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cleaning-products.pdf — A 7-row table: Product · For · Note. What each product is for, and the combinations that are dangerous.
- Cleaning a Room — https://learnposters.com/p/cleaning-order — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cleaning-order.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The order that avoids doing the same work twice.
- Damp & Mould — https://learnposters.com/p/mould-and-damp — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mould-and-damp.pdf — A 3-row table: Type · Looks like · Cause. Three kinds of damp, and why the treatment differs completely.
- Ventilation — https://learnposters.com/p/ventilation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ventilation.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why homes need air changes, and how to get them without losing heat.
- Saving Energy — https://learnposters.com/p/energy-saving-home — https://learnposters.com/pdf/energy-saving-home.pdf — A 5-row table: Use · Share · Lever. The behavioural changes that actually reduce bills, in order.
- Recycling — https://learnposters.com/p/recycling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/recycling.pdf — Usually yes against Usually no, side by side. What usually can and cannot be recycled, and the rule that ruins a batch.
- Reducing Food Waste — https://learnposters.com/p/food-waste — https://learnposters.com/pdf/food-waste.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. Where household food waste comes from, and the habits that reduce it.
- Cleaning Schedule — https://learnposters.com/p/household-schedule — https://learnposters.com/pdf/household-schedule.pdf — A 6-row table: Frequency · Tasks. What needs doing how often, so nothing accumulates.
- Decluttering — https://learnposters.com/p/decluttering — https://learnposters.com/pdf/decluttering.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A method for deciding what to keep, without deciding everything at once.
- Household Pests — https://learnposters.com/p/pest-control-home — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pest-control-home.pdf — A 6-row table: Pest · Sign · First step. Identifying common pests and the first, least drastic response.
- Storage — https://learnposters.com/p/storage-and-labelling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/storage-and-labelling.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. Organising storage so things can actually be found again.
- Moving Heavy Objects — https://learnposters.com/p/moving-heavy-things — https://learnposters.com/pdf/moving-heavy-things.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Lifting without injury, and the aids that make it unnecessary.
- Home Inventory — https://learnposters.com/p/home-inventory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/home-inventory.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Recording what you own, and why it matters after a loss.
- Heating & Hot Water — https://learnposters.com/p/water-and-heating-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/water-and-heating-basics.pdf — A 5-row table: Control · Sets · Note. The controls in a typical home, and what each one actually does.
- Home Security — https://learnposters.com/p/home-security — https://learnposters.com/pdf/home-security.pdf — A 8-row table: Measure · Effect. The measures with real deterrent effect, ranked.
- Smart Home — https://learnposters.com/p/smart-home-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/smart-home-basics.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. What actually helps, what to be cautious about, and the questions to ask.
- Noise — https://learnposters.com/p/noise-and-neighbours — https://learnposters.com/pdf/noise-and-neighbours.pdf — A 6-row table: Measure · Effect. Reducing noise between homes, and what actually works.

#### Outdoors — Knots, navigation and weather signs.

- Six Knots — https://learnposters.com/p/essential-knots — https://learnposters.com/pdf/essential-knots.pdf — A 6-row table: Knot · Use it for · Not for. What each knot is for, and — as importantly — what it must not be used for.
- Map & Compass — https://learnposters.com/p/map-and-compass — https://learnposters.com/pdf/map-and-compass.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Taking a bearing and following it, in the order the steps actually happen.
- Reading the Weather — https://learnposters.com/p/reading-the-weather — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reading-the-weather.pdf — A 7-row table: Cloud · Height · Means. Cloud types, pressure and the signs that precede a change.
- More Knots — https://learnposters.com/p/more-knots — https://learnposters.com/pdf/more-knots.pdf — A 6-row table: Knot · For · Note. Six further knots, and the specific job each one does.
- Ropes & Cordage — https://learnposters.com/p/rope-care — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rope-care.pdf — A 5-row table: Material · Stretch · Best for. Which rope for which job, and how to make it last.
- Layering — https://learnposters.com/p/layering-clothing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/layering-clothing.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The three-layer system, and the fabric to avoid entirely.
- Staying Found — https://learnposters.com/p/hiking-navigation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hiking-navigation.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Simple habits that prevent getting lost in the first place.
- Going Outdoors Safely — https://learnposters.com/p/outdoor-safety-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/outdoor-safety-basics.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. The preparation that prevents most mountain rescue callouts.
- Building a Fire — https://learnposters.com/p/campfire — https://learnposters.com/pdf/campfire.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The three stages of fuel, and the safety rules that are not optional.
- Camping Basics — https://learnposters.com/p/wild-camping — https://learnposters.com/pdf/wild-camping.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. Choosing a pitch, and the principles that leave no trace.
- Drinking Water Outdoors — https://learnposters.com/p/water-in-the-wild — https://learnposters.com/pdf/water-in-the-wild.pdf — A 5-row table: Method · Removes · Misses. Making water safe, and what each method does and does not remove.
- Reading a Forecast — https://learnposters.com/p/reading-a-forecast — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reading-a-forecast.pdf — A 7-row table: Figure · Means. What the numbers mean, and which ones matter outdoors.
- Tides — https://learnposters.com/p/tides-and-coast — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tides-and-coast.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How tides work, and the risk they create for anyone on a beach.
- Bites & Stings — https://learnposters.com/p/insect-bites-outdoors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/insect-bites-outdoors.pdf — A 6-row table: Problem · First response. Prevention, treatment, and the signs that need medical help.
- Foraging Safety — https://learnposters.com/p/foraging-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/foraging-safety.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. The rules that make foraging safe, and the ones that are absolute.
- Sun & Heat Outdoors — https://learnposters.com/p/sun-and-heat-outdoors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sun-and-heat-outdoors.pdf — Heat exhaustion against Heatstroke — emergency, side by side. Preventing heat illness, and recognising it early.
- Wildlife — https://learnposters.com/p/wildlife-encounters — https://learnposters.com/pdf/wildlife-encounters.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. General principles for encountering animals, wherever you are.
- Finding Your Way by the Sky — https://learnposters.com/p/night-sky — https://learnposters.com/pdf/night-sky.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Locating north from the stars, in both hemispheres.

#### Safety — Electrical, fire and the things worth knowing before they matter.

- Fire Extinguishers — https://learnposters.com/p/fire-extinguisher-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fire-extinguisher-types.pdf — A 6-row table: Class · Fuel · Use. Which extinguisher suits which fire — and the two combinations that make things worse.
- Electrical Safety — https://learnposters.com/p/electrical-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/electrical-safety.pdf — 15 entries in 4 groups. Cable colours, fuse ratings and the rules that are not negotiable.
- Household Conversions — https://learnposters.com/p/household-conversions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/household-conversions.pdf — A 9-row table: From · To · Multiply by. Length, weight, volume, temperature and pressure — the everyday numbers.
- Home Safety Checks — https://learnposters.com/p/smoke-alarms-and-home-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/smoke-alarms-and-home-safety.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The checks worth a calendar reminder, and how often each is due.
- Carbon Monoxide — https://learnposters.com/p/carbon-monoxide — https://learnposters.com/pdf/carbon-monoxide.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why it is undetectable without an alarm, and the symptoms to recognise.
- Smoke Alarms — https://learnposters.com/p/smoke-alarms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/smoke-alarms.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Best at · Place. Which type, where to put them, and how often to test.
- Fire Escape Plan — https://learnposters.com/p/escape-plan — https://learnposters.com/pdf/escape-plan.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Making a plan everyone in the house knows, before it is needed.
- Ladders — https://learnposters.com/p/ladder-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ladder-safety.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The angle, the footing, and the rules that prevent most falls.
- Power Tools — https://learnposters.com/p/power-tool-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/power-tool-safety.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. The habits that prevent the injuries that actually occur.
- Household Chemicals — https://learnposters.com/p/chemical-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chemical-safety.pdf — A 5-row table: Never mix · Produces. Storage, mixing and the combinations to avoid.
- Water Safety — https://learnposters.com/p/water-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/water-safety.pdf — What people expect against What it looks like, side by side. What drowning actually looks like, and the response that saves lives.
- Child Safety at Home — https://learnposters.com/p/child-safety-home — https://learnposters.com/pdf/child-safety-home.pdf — A 5-row table: Age · Main risks. The hazards by age, and the ones most often overlooked.
- Gas Safety — https://learnposters.com/p/gas-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gas-safety.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Recognising a leak, and exactly what to do.
- Staying Safe Online — https://learnposters.com/p/staying-safe-online — https://learnposters.com/pdf/staying-safe-online.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. The practical steps that prevent most account compromise.
- Working Alone — https://learnposters.com/p/lone-working-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lone-working-safety.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. Precautions when nobody else is present, at home or outdoors.
- Emergency Preparedness — https://learnposters.com/p/emergency-preparedness — https://learnposters.com/pdf/emergency-preparedness.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. What to have ready for a power cut, flood or evacuation.

#### The car — Tyres, fluids, warning lights and roadside basics.

- Warning Lights — https://learnposters.com/p/dashboard-warning-lights — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dashboard-warning-lights.pdf — A 8-row table: Light · Colour · Do. What each colour means, and which lights mean stop now.
- Tyres — https://learnposters.com/p/tyre-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tyre-basics.pdf — A 7-row table: Marking · Means. Reading the sidewall, checking pressure and depth, and when to replace.
- Checking Fluids — https://learnposters.com/p/checking-fluids — https://learnposters.com/pdf/checking-fluids.pdf — A 6-row table: Fluid · Check · Note. The five fluids to check, how often, and what each colour tells you.
- Jump Starting — https://learnposters.com/p/jump-starting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/jump-starting.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The order of connection, and why it matters.
- Changing a Wheel — https://learnposters.com/p/changing-a-wheel — https://learnposters.com/pdf/changing-a-wheel.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The sequence, and the two steps people do in the wrong order.
- Service Intervals — https://learnposters.com/p/car-service-schedule — https://learnposters.com/pdf/car-service-schedule.pdf — A 8-row table: Item · Interval. What is checked when, and what you can do yourself.
- Fuel Efficiency — https://learnposters.com/p/fuel-efficiency — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fuel-efficiency.pdf — A 8-row table: Factor · Effect. What actually affects consumption, ranked by effect.
- Bad Weather Driving — https://learnposters.com/p/driving-in-bad-weather — https://learnposters.com/pdf/driving-in-bad-weather.pdf — A 6-row table: Condition · Distance · Do. How stopping distances change, and what to do in each condition.
- Breaking Down — https://learnposters.com/p/breakdown-procedure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/breakdown-procedure.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What to do, in order, and where to wait.
- Buying a Used Car — https://learnposters.com/p/buying-a-used-car — https://learnposters.com/pdf/buying-a-used-car.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What to check before money changes hands.
- EV Charging — https://learnposters.com/p/ev-charging — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ev-charging.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Power · 0–80%. The connector types, charging speeds, and the battery habit that matters.
- Car Emergency Kit — https://learnposters.com/p/car-emergency-kit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/car-emergency-kit.pdf — 15 entries in 3 groups. What to carry, and the seasonal additions.
- After an Accident — https://learnposters.com/p/after-an-accident — https://learnposters.com/pdf/after-an-accident.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. What the law requires, and what to record.
- Running Costs — https://learnposters.com/p/car-running-costs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/car-running-costs.pdf — A 8-row table: Cost · Typical · Note. The full cost of ownership, beyond fuel.

#### Garden — Sowing times, soil, pruning and what plants actually need.

- What Plants Need — https://learnposters.com/p/what-plants-need — https://learnposters.com/pdf/what-plants-need.pdf — A 6-row table: Need · Too little · Too much. The six requirements, and which one is usually the problem.
- Watering — https://learnposters.com/p/when-to-water — https://learnposters.com/pdf/when-to-water.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How to tell when a plant needs water, and when to do it.
- Soil — https://learnposters.com/p/soil-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/soil-types.pdf — A 6-row table: Soil · Feels · Improve with. The four soil types, how to identify yours, and how to improve it.
- Composting — https://learnposters.com/p/composting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/composting.pdf — Greens — nitrogen against Browns — carbon, side by side. The greens-to-browns ratio, and what to keep out.
- When to Sow — https://learnposters.com/p/sowing-calendar — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sowing-calendar.pdf — A 8-row table: Crop · Sow · Harvest. A rough calendar for common vegetables in a temperate climate.
- Pruning — https://learnposters.com/p/pruning-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pruning-basics.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Why, where and when to cut, and the rule about flowering time.
- Houseplant Light — https://learnposters.com/p/houseplant-light — https://learnposters.com/pdf/houseplant-light.pdf — A 5-row table: Window · Light · Suits. Matching a plant to a window, and what the labels actually mean.
- Propagating Plants — https://learnposters.com/p/propagation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/propagation.pdf — A 5-row table: Method · How · Works for. Four ways to make more plants for nothing.
- Plant Pests — https://learnposters.com/p/common-plant-pests — https://learnposters.com/pdf/common-plant-pests.pdf — A 6-row table: Pest · Looks like · Treat. Identifying the common pests, and the least drastic effective treatment.
- Planting for Pollinators — https://learnposters.com/p/plants-for-pollinators — https://learnposters.com/pdf/plants-for-pollinators.pdf — 17 entries in 4 groups. What actually helps bees and butterflies, and what does not.
- Growing in Containers — https://learnposters.com/p/container-gardening — https://learnposters.com/pdf/container-gardening.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. What changes in a pot, and the three things that go wrong.
- Lawn Care — https://learnposters.com/p/lawn-care — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lawn-care.pdf — A 6-row table: Season · Do. What a lawn actually needs, month by month.

#### Repair — Fixing rather than replacing — plumbing, fixings and finishes.

- A Dripping Tap — https://learnposters.com/p/fixing-a-dripping-tap — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fixing-a-dripping-tap.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The commonest household repair, and the part that usually needs it.
- Unblocking a Drain — https://learnposters.com/p/unblocking-a-drain — https://learnposters.com/pdf/unblocking-a-drain.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The order to try things in, from least to most drastic.
- Filling & Painting — https://learnposters.com/p/filling-and-painting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/filling-and-painting.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Preparing a wall so the paint lasts, and the order of coats.
- Fixing to Walls — https://learnposters.com/p/hanging-things-on-walls — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hanging-things-on-walls.pdf — A 6-row table: Wall · Fixing · Note. Which fixing for which wall, and how to find out what you have.
- Wiring a Plug — https://learnposters.com/p/changing-a-plug — https://learnposters.com/pdf/changing-a-plug.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The colours, the terminals and the fuse.
- Bleeding Radiators — https://learnposters.com/p/bleeding-a-radiator — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bleeding-a-radiator.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Why radiators go cold at the top, and how to fix it.
- Sealant — https://learnposters.com/p/silicone-sealant — https://learnposters.com/pdf/silicone-sealant.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Getting a clean silicone line, and the mistakes that guarantee a bad one.
- Squeaks & Sticking Doors — https://learnposters.com/p/squeaky-doors-and-floors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/squeaky-doors-and-floors.pdf — A 6-row table: Problem · Usually · Fix. Diagnosing what has actually moved, before adjusting anything.
- Soldering — https://learnposters.com/p/basic-soldering — https://learnposters.com/pdf/basic-soldering.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Heating the joint, not the solder, and the two common failures.
- Sharpening Tools — https://learnposters.com/p/sharpening-tools — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sharpening-tools.pdf — A 7-row table: Tool · Angle · Note. Angles for common edged tools, and why the angle matters.
- Basic Wood Joints — https://learnposters.com/p/wood-joints — https://learnposters.com/pdf/wood-joints.pdf — A 8-row table: Joint · Strength · Difficulty. The joints worth knowing, by strength and by difficulty.
- Choosing an Adhesive — https://learnposters.com/p/adhesives — https://learnposters.com/pdf/adhesives.pdf — A 7-row table: Adhesive · For · Not for. Which glue for which material, and what each cannot do.

#### Textiles — Sewing, mending, fabric and fit.

- Hand Stitches — https://learnposters.com/p/hand-sewing-stitches — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hand-sewing-stitches.pdf — A 6-row table: Stitch · Use · Note. Six stitches that cover almost every repair.
- Sewing a Button — https://learnposters.com/p/sewing-on-a-button — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sewing-on-a-button.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The step that makes a button last, and that most people skip.
- Mending Tears — https://learnposters.com/p/mending-a-tear — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mending-a-tear.pdf — A 7-row table: Damage · Repair. Choosing a repair method by the type of damage.
- Fabrics — https://learnposters.com/p/fabric-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fabric-types.pdf — A 8-row table: Fibre · Good · Poor. Natural and synthetic fibres, and what each does in wear.
- Removing Stains — https://learnposters.com/p/removing-stains — https://learnposters.com/pdf/removing-stains.pdf — A 8-row table: Stain · Treat with. The right treatment by stain type, and the one rule that applies to all.
- Taking Measurements — https://learnposters.com/p/taking-measurements — https://learnposters.com/pdf/taking-measurements.pdf — A 7-row table: Measurement · Where. Where to measure a body, and why the numbers matter for fit.
- Ironing — https://learnposters.com/p/ironing-guide — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ironing-guide.pdf — A 5-row table: Setting · Temp · Fibres. Temperatures by fibre, and the order to iron a mixed pile in.
- Making Clothes Last — https://learnposters.com/p/clothing-care — https://learnposters.com/pdf/clothing-care.pdf — 11 entries in 3 groups. The habits that extend the life of clothing, ranked by effect.

### Business & Management (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/business — The frameworks a business degree keeps returning to.

#### Strategy — Competitive position, and the frameworks for analysing it.

- Porter's Five Forces — https://learnposters.com/p/porters-five-forces — https://learnposters.com/pdf/porters-five-forces.pdf — A 5-row table: Force · Strong when. The five pressures that decide how profitable an industry can be.
- SWOT — https://learnposters.com/p/swot-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/swot-analysis.pdf — Internal — you control against External — you do not, side by side. The four-box audit, and the discipline that stops it being a list.
- PESTLE — https://learnposters.com/p/pestle-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pestle-analysis.pdf — A 6-row table: Factor · Covers. Scanning the macro-environment across six dimensions.
- The Value Chain — https://learnposters.com/p/value-chain — https://learnposters.com/pdf/value-chain.pdf — Primary activities against Support activities, side by side. Where margin is actually created inside a firm.
- Generic Strategies — https://learnposters.com/p/generic-strategies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/generic-strategies.pdf — A 5-row table: Strategy · Scope · Basis. Three viable positions, and the one that is not.
- The BCG Matrix — https://learnposters.com/p/bcg-matrix — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bcg-matrix.pdf — A 4-row table: Quadrant · Growth / Share · Do. Sorting a portfolio by market growth and relative share.
- The Ansoff Matrix — https://learnposters.com/p/ansoff-matrix — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ansoff-matrix.pdf — A 4-row table: Strategy · Product / Market · Risk. Four growth directions, ranked by risk.
- VRIO — https://learnposters.com/p/vrio-framework — https://learnposters.com/pdf/vrio-framework.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Whether a resource can actually sustain an advantage.
- Blue Ocean Strategy — https://learnposters.com/p/blue-ocean — https://learnposters.com/pdf/blue-ocean.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Competing where there is no competition, and the grid for finding it.
- Core Competence — https://learnposters.com/p/core-competence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/core-competence.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What makes a capability core, and why it matters more than products.
- Business Model Canvas — https://learnposters.com/p/business-model-canvas — https://learnposters.com/pdf/business-model-canvas.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The nine blocks of a business model, on one page.
- Stakeholder Mapping — https://learnposters.com/p/stakeholder-mapping — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stakeholder-mapping.pdf — A 4-row table: Quadrant · Power / Interest · Approach. Who matters, how much, and what to do about each.
- Scenario Planning — https://learnposters.com/p/scenario-planning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/scenario-planning.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Planning for several futures rather than forecasting one.
- M&A — https://learnposters.com/p/mergers-and-acquisitions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mergers-and-acquisitions.pdf — A 6-row table: Motive · Reality. Why deals are done, and why most fail to create value.
- Competitive Advantage — https://learnposters.com/p/competitive-advantage — https://learnposters.com/pdf/competitive-advantage.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What it actually is, and how long it lasts.

#### Operations — Processes, quality, supply chains and throughput.

- Little's Law — https://learnposters.com/p/littles-law — https://learnposters.com/pdf/littles-law.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The relationship between inventory, throughput and time.
- Theory of Constraints — https://learnposters.com/p/theory-of-constraints — https://learnposters.com/pdf/theory-of-constraints.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Every system has one bottleneck. Improving anything else does nothing.
- The Seven Wastes — https://learnposters.com/p/lean-waste — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lean-waste.pdf — A 8-row table: Waste · Looks like. The categories of activity that consume resource without adding value.
- Just in Time — https://learnposters.com/p/just-in-time — https://learnposters.com/pdf/just-in-time.pdf — What it delivers against What it requires, side by side. Producing only what is needed, when it is needed — and what it costs.
- Process Mapping — https://learnposters.com/p/process-mapping — https://learnposters.com/pdf/process-mapping.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Drawing what actually happens, not what the manual says.
- DMAIC — https://learnposters.com/p/six-sigma-dmaic — https://learnposters.com/pdf/six-sigma-dmaic.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The five-phase structure for reducing variation in a process.
- Inventory Models — https://learnposters.com/p/inventory-models — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inventory-models.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How much to order and when, and the trade-off underneath.
- Capacity — https://learnposters.com/p/capacity-planning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/capacity-planning.pdf — A 6-row table: Measure · Means. Design, effective and actual capacity — and the two ratios between them.
- The Cost of Quality — https://learnposters.com/p/quality-cost — https://learnposters.com/pdf/quality-cost.pdf — A 4-row table: Category · Includes · Type. Four categories of quality cost, and which ones to spend on.
- Supply Chain — https://learnposters.com/p/supply-chain-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/supply-chain-basics.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The flows, the tiers, and the effect that amplifies demand upstream.
- The Project Triangle — https://learnposters.com/p/project-triangle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/project-triangle.pdf — The three constraints against What actually gives, side by side. Scope, time and cost — and why you cannot fix all three.
- Critical Path — https://learnposters.com/p/critical-path — https://learnposters.com/pdf/critical-path.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The longest path through a project, and why only it sets the deadline.
- Agile & Waterfall — https://learnposters.com/p/agile-vs-waterfall — https://learnposters.com/pdf/agile-vs-waterfall.pdf — Waterfall against Agile, side by side. Two delivery approaches, and what each assumes about the requirements.
- Choosing Metrics — https://learnposters.com/p/kpis-and-metrics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kpis-and-metrics.pdf — 12 entries in 3 groups. What makes a metric useful, and the ways they get gamed.
- Service Operations — https://learnposters.com/p/service-operations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/service-operations.pdf — A 5-row table: Property · Consequence. How services differ from manufacturing, and what that changes.

#### People & organisations — Motivation, teams, culture and leadership.

- Maslow's Hierarchy — https://learnposters.com/p/maslow-hierarchy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/maslow-hierarchy.pdf — A 5-row table: Level · Needs · At work. Five levels of need, and the critique that every exam expects.
- Herzberg's Two Factors — https://learnposters.com/p/herzberg-two-factor — https://learnposters.com/pdf/herzberg-two-factor.pdf — Hygiene — prevents dissatisfaction against Motivators — create satisfaction, side by side. Why removing dissatisfaction does not produce satisfaction.
- Self-Determination Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/self-determination-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/self-determination-theory.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The three needs behind intrinsic motivation, better evidenced than most.
- Tuckman's Stages — https://learnposters.com/p/tuckman-stages — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tuckman-stages.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How teams develop, and why the difficult stage is necessary.
- Team Roles — https://learnposters.com/p/belbin-roles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/belbin-roles.pdf — A 3-row table: Group · Roles. The nine behavioural roles, and why a team of one type fails.
- Leadership Styles — https://learnposters.com/p/leadership-styles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/leadership-styles.pdf — A 7-row table: Style · Suits. The main styles, and the situations each suits.
- Organisational Culture — https://learnposters.com/p/organisational-culture — https://learnposters.com/pdf/organisational-culture.pdf — A 4-row table: Culture · Organised around · Feels like. What culture actually is, and the models used to describe it.
- Change Management — https://learnposters.com/p/change-management — https://learnposters.com/pdf/change-management.pdf — 8 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Kotter's eight steps, and the one most often skipped.
- Managing Conflict — https://learnposters.com/p/conflict-management — https://learnposters.com/pdf/conflict-management.pdf — A 5-row table: Mode · Assertive / Cooperative · Use when. Five modes, and when each is the right choice.
- Job Design — https://learnposters.com/p/job-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/job-design.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The five features that make work motivating, and the states they produce.
- Performance Management — https://learnposters.com/p/performance-management — https://learnposters.com/pdf/performance-management.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. What appraisal is for, and the biases that distort it.
- Recruitment & Selection — https://learnposters.com/p/recruitment-and-selection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/recruitment-and-selection.pdf — A 7-row table: Method · Predicts · Note. The selection methods, ranked by how well they predict performance.
- Organisational Structures — https://learnposters.com/p/organisational-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/organisational-structure.pdf — A 6-row table: Structure · Good at · Weak at. The main structures, and the trade-off each makes.
- Emotional Intelligence — https://learnposters.com/p/emotional-intelligence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/emotional-intelligence.pdf — A 4-row table: Domain · Is. The four domains, and what the evidence actually supports.

#### Business finance — Reading the statements and deciding where money goes.

- The Three Statements — https://learnposters.com/p/three-financial-statements — https://learnposters.com/pdf/three-financial-statements.pdf — A 3-row table: Statement · Answers · Period. What each statement shows, and how they connect.
- The Balance Sheet — https://learnposters.com/p/balance-sheet — https://learnposters.com/pdf/balance-sheet.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The accounting equation, and what sits on each side.
- The Income Statement — https://learnposters.com/p/income-statement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/income-statement.pdf — A 8-row table: Line · Means. From revenue down to net profit, and what each subtotal means.
- The Cash Flow Statement — https://learnposters.com/p/cash-flow-statement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cash-flow-statement.pdf — A 3-row table: Section · Contains. Three sections, and why a profitable company can still run out of money.
- Financial Ratios — https://learnposters.com/p/financial-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/financial-ratios.pdf — A 5-row table: Family · Key ratios. The ratios that matter, grouped by what they test.
- Break-Even — https://learnposters.com/p/break-even-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/break-even-analysis.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The volume at which a business stops losing money.
- Budgeting — https://learnposters.com/p/budgeting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/budgeting.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Means. The budget types, and what variance analysis actually tells you.
- Investment Appraisal — https://learnposters.com/p/investment-appraisal — https://learnposters.com/pdf/investment-appraisal.pdf — A 4-row table: Method · Decision rule · Weakness. Four methods for deciding whether a project is worth it.
- Time Value of Money — https://learnposters.com/p/time-value-of-money — https://learnposters.com/pdf/time-value-of-money.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why a pound today is worth more than a pound next year.
- Cost of Capital — https://learnposters.com/p/cost-of-capital — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cost-of-capital.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What it costs a firm to raise money, weighted across its sources.
- Working Capital — https://learnposters.com/p/working-capital — https://learnposters.com/pdf/working-capital.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The cash tied up in day-to-day operations, and how to free it.
- Costing — https://learnposters.com/p/costing-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/costing-methods.pdf — Absorption costing against Marginal costing, side by side. Absorption, marginal and activity-based costing, and when each misleads.
- Forecasting — https://learnposters.com/p/financial-forecasting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/financial-forecasting.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Building a forecast that can be argued with, rather than one that is asserted.
- Sources of Finance — https://learnposters.com/p/sources-of-finance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sources-of-finance.pdf — A 8-row table: Source · Type · Cost. Where money comes from, and what it costs in cash or in control.

#### Entrepreneurship — Starting, validating and funding a venture.

- The Lean Startup — https://learnposters.com/p/lean-startup — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lean-startup.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Build, measure, learn — and why the loop runs in that order backwards.
- Product-Market Fit — https://learnposters.com/p/product-market-fit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/product-market-fit.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What it feels like, and the measures used to test for it.
- Customer Discovery — https://learnposters.com/p/customer-discovery — https://learnposters.com/pdf/customer-discovery.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. How to interview customers without leading them to your answer.
- Startup Metrics — https://learnposters.com/p/startup-metrics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/startup-metrics.pdf — A 7-row table: Metric · Is · Healthy. The numbers that matter, and the ratio investors look at first.
- Funding Stages — https://learnposters.com/p/funding-stages — https://learnposters.com/pdf/funding-stages.pdf — A 6-row table: Stage · For · Expects. What each round is for, and what is expected at it.
- Cap Tables & Dilution — https://learnposters.com/p/cap-table — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cap-table.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Who owns what, and what each round does to that.
- The Pitch Deck — https://learnposters.com/p/pitch-deck — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pitch-deck.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The slides investors expect, in the order they expect them.
- Valuing a Startup — https://learnposters.com/p/valuing-a-startup — https://learnposters.com/pdf/valuing-a-startup.pdf — A 6-row table: Method · Applies when. Why pre-revenue valuation is negotiation rather than calculation.
- The Business Plan — https://learnposters.com/p/business-plan — https://learnposters.com/pdf/business-plan.pdf — 13 entries in 2 groups. What a plan is actually for, and what belongs in it.
- Legal Structures — https://learnposters.com/p/choosing-a-legal-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/choosing-a-legal-structure.pdf — A 5-row table: Structure · Liability · Note. The main structures, and what each does to liability and tax.
- Intellectual Property — https://learnposters.com/p/intellectual-property — https://learnposters.com/pdf/intellectual-property.pdf — A 5-row table: Right · Protects · Term. The four main rights, what each protects, and how long.
- Go-to-Market — https://learnposters.com/p/go-to-market — https://learnposters.com/pdf/go-to-market.pdf — A 5-row table: Price point · Motion · Channel. Choosing a route to customers, and matching it to the price point.
- Founder Agreements — https://learnposters.com/p/founder-agreements — https://learnposters.com/pdf/founder-agreements.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What to agree in writing before there is anything to argue about.
- Why Startups Fail — https://learnposters.com/p/why-startups-fail — https://learnposters.com/pdf/why-startups-fail.pdf — A 7-row table: Cause · Looks like. The documented reasons, in rough order of frequency.

#### Analytics — Turning business data into decisions.

- Four Kinds of Analytics — https://learnposters.com/p/descriptive-to-prescriptive — https://learnposters.com/pdf/descriptive-to-prescriptive.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · Answers. What each level answers, and the effort each requires.
- A/B Testing — https://learnposters.com/p/ab-testing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ab-testing.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Running an experiment that produces a trustworthy answer.
- Significance — https://learnposters.com/p/statistical-significance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/statistical-significance.pdf — What p < 0.05 means against What it does not mean, side by side. What a p-value means, and the four things it does not.
- Cohort Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/cohort-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cohort-analysis.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Grouping users by when they arrived, and why aggregate metrics hide the truth.
- Funnels — https://learnposters.com/p/funnel-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/funnel-analysis.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Where users drop out, and the arithmetic of stacked conversion rates.
- Segmentation — https://learnposters.com/p/segmentation-analytics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/segmentation-analytics.pdf — A 6-row table: Basis · Example · Useful for. Splitting customers usefully, and the test for whether a segment is real.
- Forecasting Methods — https://learnposters.com/p/forecasting-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/forecasting-methods.pdf — A 7-row table: Method · Assumes. The main techniques, and what each assumes about the past.
- Dashboards — https://learnposters.com/p/dashboard-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dashboard-design.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. What belongs on a dashboard, and what belongs in a report.
- Data Quality — https://learnposters.com/p/data-quality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/data-quality.pdf — A 6-row table: Dimension · Asks. The dimensions of quality, and the cost of getting them wrong.
- Reading a Relationship — https://learnposters.com/p/correlation-in-business — https://learnposters.com/pdf/correlation-in-business.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Interpreting a business correlation without over-claiming.
- Survey Design — https://learnposters.com/p/survey-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/survey-design.pdf — 14 entries in 3 groups. Writing questions that produce usable answers.
- Presenting Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/data-storytelling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/data-storytelling.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Structuring a finding so it produces a decision.
- Analysis Traps — https://learnposters.com/p/common-analysis-traps — https://learnposters.com/pdf/common-analysis-traps.pdf — A 6-row table: Trap · What happens. The mistakes that produce confident and wrong conclusions.
- Data Pipelines — https://learnposters.com/p/etl-and-pipelines — https://learnposters.com/pdf/etl-and-pipelines.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How data gets from source to dashboard, and where it breaks.

#### Business law — Contracts, structures and duties.

- Forming a Contract — https://learnposters.com/p/contract-formation-business — https://learnposters.com/pdf/contract-formation-business.pdf — A 6-row table: Element · Means. The elements a contract needs to exist at all.
- Contract Terms — https://learnposters.com/p/contract-terms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/contract-terms.pdf — A 6-row table: Term · Breach allows. Which terms matter most, and what happens when each is breached.
- Employment Status — https://learnposters.com/p/employment-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/employment-basics.pdf — A 3-row table: Status · Typically · Rights. Employee, worker or contractor — and why the label does not decide it.
- Directors' Duties — https://learnposters.com/p/company-directors-duties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/company-directors-duties.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. What a director must do, and to whom it is owed.
- Data Protection — https://learnposters.com/p/data-protection-business — https://learnposters.com/pdf/data-protection-business.pdf — A 7-row table: Principle · Means. The principles behind GDPR-style regimes, and the rights they create.
- Consumer Rights — https://learnposters.com/p/consumer-rights — https://learnposters.com/pdf/consumer-rights.pdf — A 6-row table: Right · Applies when. The statutory rights that cannot be contracted away.
- Competition Law — https://learnposters.com/p/competition-law — https://learnposters.com/pdf/competition-law.pdf — Prohibited agreements against Abuse of dominance, side by side. The conduct that is prohibited outright, and the conduct that is assessed.
- Negligence — https://learnposters.com/p/negligence-in-business — https://learnposters.com/pdf/negligence-in-business.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The elements a claimant must prove, and where businesses are exposed.
- Insurable Risk — https://learnposters.com/p/business-insurance-law — https://learnposters.com/pdf/business-insurance-law.pdf — A 7-row table: Cover · Protects against. Which business risks are insurable, and the duties on the insured.
- Resolving Disputes — https://learnposters.com/p/dispute-resolution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dispute-resolution.pdf — A 6-row table: Route · Character. The routes available, in increasing order of cost.
- Agency — https://learnposters.com/p/agency-and-authority — https://learnposters.com/pdf/agency-and-authority.pdf — Actual authority against Apparent (ostensible) authority, side by side. When one person can bind another, and the two kinds of authority.
- Insolvency — https://learnposters.com/p/insolvency-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/insolvency-basics.pdf — A 5-row table: Procedure · Purpose. The tests for insolvency, and the procedures that follow.
- Commercial Contract Clauses — https://learnposters.com/p/commercial-contracts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/commercial-contracts.pdf — A 8-row table: Clause · Controls. The clauses that decide what happens when things go wrong.
- Compliance — https://learnposters.com/p/regulatory-compliance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/regulatory-compliance.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Building a compliance function that reduces risk rather than producing paper.

### Accounting & Finance (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/accounting — Debits, statements and valuation, without the textbook.

#### Financial accounting — Double entry, the statements, and the standards.

- Double Entry — https://learnposters.com/p/double-entry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/double-entry.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The rule underneath every accounting system ever built.
- The Three Statements — https://learnposters.com/p/three-statements — https://learnposters.com/pdf/three-statements.pdf — A 4-row table: Statement · Answers · Covers. What each one shows, and how they connect.
- Accruals & Matching — https://learnposters.com/p/accruals-concept — https://learnposters.com/pdf/accruals-concept.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why profit is not cash, and when revenue is recognised.
- Reading a Balance Sheet — https://learnposters.com/p/balance-sheet-anatomy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/balance-sheet-anatomy.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What each section tells you, top to bottom.
- Reading an Income Statement — https://learnposters.com/p/income-statement-anatomy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/income-statement-anatomy.pdf — A 6-row table: Line · Means. The line items from revenue down to net profit.
- Statement of Cash Flows — https://learnposters.com/p/statement-of-cash-flows — https://learnposters.com/pdf/statement-of-cash-flows.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The three sections, and why operating cash flow matters most.
- Depreciation — https://learnposters.com/p/depreciation-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/depreciation-methods.pdf — Straight line against Reducing balance, side by side. Spreading an asset's cost across the years it is used.
- Inventory Valuation — https://learnposters.com/p/inventory-valuation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inventory-valuation.pdf — A 4-row table: Method · Assumes · In rising prices. The methods, and what each does to reported profit.
- IFRS & GAAP — https://learnposters.com/p/accounting-standards — https://learnposters.com/pdf/accounting-standards.pdf — IFRS against US GAAP, side by side. The two dominant frameworks, and how they differ.
- Ratio Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/ratio-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ratio-analysis.pdf — A 5-row table: Family · Ratio · Shows. The ratios that summarise a set of accounts.
- Group Accounts — https://learnposters.com/p/consolidation-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/consolidation-basics.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Why groups consolidate, and what goodwill is.
- Provisions & Contingencies — https://learnposters.com/p/provisions-contingencies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/provisions-contingencies.pdf — A 4-row table: Likelihood · Obligation · Contingent asset. When an uncertain future cost belongs in the accounts.
- Revenue Recognition — https://learnposters.com/p/revenue-recognition-5step — https://learnposters.com/pdf/revenue-recognition-5step.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The five-step model, and the judgement in each step.
- Lease Accounting — https://learnposters.com/p/leases-accounting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/leases-accounting.pdf — Before IFRS 16 against Under IFRS 16, side by side. Why almost every lease now appears on the balance sheet.
- Earnings Quality — https://learnposters.com/p/earnings-quality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/earnings-quality.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Signals that reported profit may not be durable.

#### Management accounting — Costing, budgeting and decisions inside the firm.

- Cost Classification — https://learnposters.com/p/cost-classification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cost-classification.pdf — A 4-row table: Split · Types · Used for. The ways costs are split, and why each split exists.
- Contribution & Break-Even — https://learnposters.com/p/contribution-and-break-even — https://learnposters.com/pdf/contribution-and-break-even.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The volume at which a business stops losing money.
- Absorption vs Marginal Costing — https://learnposters.com/p/absorption-vs-marginal — https://learnposters.com/pdf/absorption-vs-marginal.pdf — Absorption costing against Marginal costing, side by side. Two ways to cost a product, and why profit differs between them.
- Activity-Based Costing — https://learnposters.com/p/activity-based-costing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/activity-based-costing.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Assigning overhead by what actually drives it.
- Budgeting — https://learnposters.com/p/budgeting-process — https://learnposters.com/pdf/budgeting-process.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. How budgets are built, and the behaviour they cause.
- Variance Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/variance-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/variance-analysis.pdf — A 6-row table: Variance · Isolates · Owner. Splitting the difference between budget and actual into causes.
- Relevant Costs for Decisions — https://learnposters.com/p/relevant-costing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/relevant-costing.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Which costs belong in a decision, and which must be ignored.
- Pricing Decisions — https://learnposters.com/p/pricing-decisions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pricing-decisions.pdf — A 5-row table: Approach · Basis · Fits when. The approaches to setting a price, and when each fits.
- Investment Appraisal — https://learnposters.com/p/capital-budgeting-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/capital-budgeting-methods.pdf — A 4-row table: Method · Measures · Weakness. The four standard methods, and what each misses.
- Performance Measurement — https://learnposters.com/p/performance-measurement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/performance-measurement.pdf — Return on investment against Residual income, side by side. Measuring divisional performance without distorting behaviour.
- Transfer Pricing — https://learnposters.com/p/transfer-pricing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transfer-pricing.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Setting the internal price between divisions.
- Working Capital — https://learnposters.com/p/working-capital-management — https://learnposters.com/pdf/working-capital-management.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Managing the cash tied up in day-to-day operations.
- Limiting Factors — https://learnposters.com/p/limiting-factor-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/limiting-factor-analysis.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Deciding what to make when a resource runs short.
- Standard Costing — https://learnposters.com/p/standard-costing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/standard-costing.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Setting expected costs, and what makes a standard useful.
- Cost-Volume-Profit — https://learnposters.com/p/cost-volume-profit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cost-volume-profit.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The model relating cost, volume and profit, and where it breaks.

#### Corporate finance — Capital, investment appraisal and structure.

- Discounting & Present Value — https://learnposters.com/p/discounting-and-present-value — https://learnposters.com/pdf/discounting-and-present-value.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why a pound today is worth more than a pound next year.
- NPV & IRR — https://learnposters.com/p/npv-and-irr — https://learnposters.com/pdf/npv-and-irr.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The two discounted cash flow measures, and when they disagree.
- WACC — https://learnposters.com/p/wacc — https://learnposters.com/pdf/wacc.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The rate a firm must earn to satisfy its funders.
- CAPM — https://learnposters.com/p/capm — https://learnposters.com/pdf/capm.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Pricing risk, and what beta actually measures.
- Capital Structure — https://learnposters.com/p/capital-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/capital-structure.pdf — Modigliani-Miller against In practice, side by side. How much debt is right, and what the theory says.
- Gearing — https://learnposters.com/p/gearing-and-risk — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gearing-and-risk.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How debt amplifies both returns and losses.
- Dividend Policy — https://learnposters.com/p/dividend-policy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dividend-policy.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Paying out or reinvesting, and what the choice signals.
- Matching Finance to Assets — https://learnposters.com/p/matching-finance-to-assets — https://learnposters.com/pdf/matching-finance-to-assets.pdf — A 7-row table: Source · Term · Suits. Where a business gets money, matched to what it needs it for.
- Risk, Return & Diversification — https://learnposters.com/p/risk-return-and-diversification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/risk-return-and-diversification.pdf — Specific risk against Systematic risk, side by side. Why diversification works, and what it cannot remove.
- Mergers & Acquisitions — https://learnposters.com/p/mergers-acquisitions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mergers-acquisitions.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Why firms buy each other, and why most deals disappoint.
- Financial Planning — https://learnposters.com/p/financial-planning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/financial-planning.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Forecasting the funding a plan will actually need.
- Real Options — https://learnposters.com/p/real-options — https://learnposters.com/pdf/real-options.pdf — A 4-row table: Option · The right to · Valuable when. Valuing the flexibility a project gives you.
- Corporate Governance — https://learnposters.com/p/corporate-governance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/corporate-governance.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The mechanisms that align managers with owners.
- Behavioural Finance — https://learnposters.com/p/behavioural-finance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/behavioural-finance.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Where real decisions depart from the rational model.
- Islamic Finance — https://learnposters.com/p/islamic-finance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/islamic-finance.pdf — A 5-row table: Instrument · Structure. Financing structured without interest.

#### Audit & assurance — Evidence, risk and the audit opinion.

- What an Audit Is — https://learnposters.com/p/purpose-of-audit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/purpose-of-audit.pdf — An audit does against An audit does not, side by side. What an auditor gives an opinion on, and what they do not.
- The Audit Opinion — https://learnposters.com/p/audit-opinion-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/audit-opinion-types.pdf — A 4-row table: Opinion · Means · When. The four opinions, and what each one signals.
- Audit Risk — https://learnposters.com/p/audit-risk-model — https://learnposters.com/pdf/audit-risk-model.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The three components, and the one the auditor controls.
- Audit Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/audit-evidence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/audit-evidence.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What makes evidence strong, and where each type ranks.
- Internal Controls — https://learnposters.com/p/internal-controls — https://learnposters.com/pdf/internal-controls.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What controls do, and the limits of any control system.
- Audit Sampling — https://learnposters.com/p/audit-sampling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/audit-sampling.pdf — A 5-row table: Method · Selection · Suits. Testing a subset and concluding about the whole.
- Going Concern — https://learnposters.com/p/going-concern — https://learnposters.com/pdf/going-concern.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Assessing whether the business will survive the next year.
- Independence — https://learnposters.com/p/auditor-independence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/auditor-independence.pdf — A 5-row table: Threat · Arises from · Safeguard. The threats to auditor objectivity, and the safeguards.
- Fraud — https://learnposters.com/p/fraud-and-the-auditor — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fraud-and-the-auditor.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The auditor's responsibility for fraud, and the fraud triangle.
- Planning an Audit — https://learnposters.com/p/audit-planning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/audit-planning.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The sequence from acceptance to fieldwork.
- Substantive Testing — https://learnposters.com/p/substantive-procedures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/substantive-procedures.pdf — A 6-row table: Assertion · Question · Typical test. Testing balances directly, and the assertions each test addresses.
- Internal vs External Audit — https://learnposters.com/p/internal-vs-external-audit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/internal-vs-external-audit.pdf — External audit against Internal audit, side by side. Two functions with similar techniques and different purposes.
- Audit Documentation — https://learnposters.com/p/audit-documentation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/audit-documentation.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What the working papers must show, and why.
- Subsequent Events — https://learnposters.com/p/subsequent-events — https://learnposters.com/pdf/subsequent-events.pdf — Adjusting against Non-adjusting, side by side. Events after the reporting date, and which ones change the accounts.
- Assurance Engagements — https://learnposters.com/p/assurance-engagements — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assurance-engagements.pdf — A 4-row table: Engagement · Assurance · Wording. The spectrum of assurance, from audit to agreed-upon procedures.

#### Taxation — How the main taxes are computed and reported.

- How Tax Systems Work — https://learnposters.com/p/tax-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tax-systems.pdf — A 3-row table: Structure · Rate as income rises · Example. The structures a tax can take, and what each does to incentives.
- Direct & Indirect Tax — https://learnposters.com/p/direct-vs-indirect-tax — https://learnposters.com/pdf/direct-vs-indirect-tax.pdf — Direct tax against Indirect tax, side by side. Who pays, and who actually bears the cost.
- How VAT Works — https://learnposters.com/p/vat-mechanics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/vat-mechanics.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Value added tax through a supply chain.
- Corporation Tax — https://learnposters.com/p/corporation-tax-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/corporation-tax-basics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How taxable profit differs from accounting profit.
- Deferred Tax — https://learnposters.com/p/deferred-tax — https://learnposters.com/pdf/deferred-tax.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why the tax charge in the accounts is not the tax bill.
- Personal Income Tax — https://learnposters.com/p/personal-income-tax — https://learnposters.com/pdf/personal-income-tax.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How an individual's tax is computed, in structure.
- Marginal vs Effective Rate — https://learnposters.com/p/marginal-vs-effective-rate — https://learnposters.com/pdf/marginal-vs-effective-rate.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two rates that are routinely confused.
- Capital Gains — https://learnposters.com/p/capital-gains-tax — https://learnposters.com/pdf/capital-gains-tax.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Taxing the gain on disposal rather than the income.
- Avoidance & Evasion — https://learnposters.com/p/tax-avoidance-evasion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tax-avoidance-evasion.pdf — A 3-row table: Behaviour · Legality · Example. The legal line, and the grey area either side of it.
- Payroll Taxes — https://learnposters.com/p/payroll-taxes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/payroll-taxes.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The deductions from pay, and who bears each.
- International Tax — https://learnposters.com/p/international-tax — https://learnposters.com/pdf/international-tax.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. How cross-border profit is taxed, and the concepts involved.
- Tax by Business Structure — https://learnposters.com/p/tax-and-business-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tax-and-business-structure.pdf — A 4-row table: Structure · Taxed on · Liability. How the legal form changes the tax treatment.
- Records & Compliance — https://learnposters.com/p/record-keeping-tax — https://learnposters.com/pdf/record-keeping-tax.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What to keep, for how long, and why it matters.
- Reliefs & Incentives — https://learnposters.com/p/tax-reliefs-incentives — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tax-reliefs-incentives.pdf — A 6-row table: Relief · Aim. The main categories of relief, and what governments use them for.
- Ethics in Tax — https://learnposters.com/p/tax-ethics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tax-ethics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The professional line between advice and facilitation.

#### Valuation — What a company or an asset is worth, and why.

- The Three Approaches — https://learnposters.com/p/valuation-approaches — https://learnposters.com/pdf/valuation-approaches.pdf — A 3-row table: Approach · Asks · Method. Every valuation method belongs to one of three families.
- Discounted Cash Flow — https://learnposters.com/p/dcf-valuation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dcf-valuation.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Building a DCF, and where the value actually comes from.
- Terminal Value — https://learnposters.com/p/terminal-value — https://learnposters.com/pdf/terminal-value.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The two ways to calculate it, and the trap in both.
- Multiples — https://learnposters.com/p/valuation-multiples — https://learnposters.com/pdf/valuation-multiples.pdf — A 5-row table: Multiple · Pairs with · Note. The common multiples, and matching numerator to denominator.
- Comparable Company Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/comparable-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/comparable-analysis.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Choosing peers, and adjusting for what makes them different.
- Asset-Based Valuation — https://learnposters.com/p/asset-based-valuation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/asset-based-valuation.pdf — Book value against Adjusted net assets, side by side. Valuing from the balance sheet, and when it is the right basis.
- Valuing Intangibles — https://learnposters.com/p/valuing-intangibles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/valuing-intangibles.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Brands, patents and software, and why the balance sheet misses them.
- Valuing a Startup — https://learnposters.com/p/startup-valuation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/startup-valuation.pdf — A 5-row table: Stage · Method. Valuing a company with no earnings and little history.
- Control & Minority — https://learnposters.com/p/control-and-minority — https://learnposters.com/pdf/control-and-minority.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Why the same share is worth different amounts to different buyers.
- Sensitivity & Scenarios — https://learnposters.com/p/sensitivity-and-scenarios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sensitivity-and-scenarios.pdf — Sensitivity analysis against Scenario analysis, side by side. Testing which assumptions actually drive the answer.
- Value Drivers — https://learnposters.com/p/value-drivers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/value-drivers.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The handful of variables that actually move value.
- Valuation in Practice — https://learnposters.com/p/valuation-in-practice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/valuation-in-practice.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Where valuations go wrong, and how to sanity-check one.

#### Markets & instruments — Bonds, equities, derivatives and how they price.

- Asset Classes & Claims — https://learnposters.com/p/asset-classes-and-claims — https://learnposters.com/pdf/asset-classes-and-claims.pdf — A 5-row table: Class · A claim on · Risk. The main classes, and what each is a claim on.
- Bond Pricing — https://learnposters.com/p/how-bonds-price — https://learnposters.com/pdf/how-bonds-price.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why bond prices move opposite to interest rates.
- The Yield Curve — https://learnposters.com/p/yield-curve — https://learnposters.com/pdf/yield-curve.pdf — A 4-row table: Shape · Means · Often precedes. What its shape says about expectations.
- Equity Markets — https://learnposters.com/p/equity-markets — https://learnposters.com/pdf/equity-markets.pdf — Primary market against Secondary market, side by side. How shares are issued and traded, and what a market does.
- Derivatives — https://learnposters.com/p/derivatives-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/derivatives-basics.pdf — A 4-row table: Instrument · Gives · Obligation. The four building blocks, and what each obliges.
- Option Payoffs — https://learnposters.com/p/options-payoffs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/options-payoffs.pdf — A 4-row table: Position · Profits when · Maximum loss. The four basic positions, and what each profits from.
- Market Efficiency — https://learnposters.com/p/market-efficiency — https://learnposters.com/pdf/market-efficiency.pdf — A 3-row table: Form · Prices reflect · Rules out. The three forms, and what each rules out.
- Portfolio Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/portfolio-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/portfolio-theory.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why the right portfolio is not just the best assets.
- Who Trades — https://learnposters.com/p/market-participants — https://learnposters.com/pdf/market-participants.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The participants and what each is trying to do.
- Financial Crises — https://learnposters.com/p/financial-crises — https://learnposters.com/pdf/financial-crises.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The recurring pattern behind very different crises.
- Market Regulation — https://learnposters.com/p/regulation-of-markets — https://learnposters.com/pdf/regulation-of-markets.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What regulation is trying to achieve, and the main tools.
- ESG Investing — https://learnposters.com/p/esg-investing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/esg-investing.pdf — The case for against The critiques, side by side. What ESG factors are, and the debate around them.
- Currency Markets — https://learnposters.com/p/currency-markets — https://learnposters.com/pdf/currency-markets.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How exchange rates are quoted, and what moves them.

### Marketing (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/marketing — How demand is understood, created and measured.

#### Consumer behaviour — Why people choose what they choose.

- The Buyer Decision Process — https://learnposters.com/p/buyer-decision-process — https://learnposters.com/pdf/buyer-decision-process.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The five stages between noticing a problem and judging the purchase.
- Needs & Motivation — https://learnposters.com/p/maslow-and-motivation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/maslow-and-motivation.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What drives a purchase beneath the stated reason.
- Perception — https://learnposters.com/p/perception-and-attention — https://learnposters.com/pdf/perception-and-attention.pdf — 7 entries in 2 groups. Why most marketing is never noticed at all.
- Consumer Attitudes — https://learnposters.com/p/consumer-attitudes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/consumer-attitudes.pdf — The attitude model against What the data shows, side by side. Why liking a brand does not mean buying it.
- High & Low Involvement — https://learnposters.com/p/involvement-levels — https://learnposters.com/pdf/involvement-levels.pdf — High involvement against Low involvement, side by side. How much thought a purchase gets, and what that changes.
- Cultural Influences — https://learnposters.com/p/cultural-influences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cultural-influences.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The layers of social context around any purchase.
- Journey Mapping — https://learnposters.com/p/customer-journey-mapping — https://learnposters.com/pdf/customer-journey-mapping.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Charting the real path a customer takes, including the parts you do not control.
- Loyalty & Retention — https://learnposters.com/p/loyalty-and-retention — https://learnposters.com/pdf/loyalty-and-retention.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What loyalty actually is, and what it is not.
- Post-Purchase Dissonance — https://learnposters.com/p/post-purchase-dissonance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/post-purchase-dissonance.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The doubt after a big decision, and what reduces it.
- B2B Buying — https://learnposters.com/p/b2b-buying-behaviour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/b2b-buying-behaviour.pdf — A 6-row table: Role · Cares about. How organisational purchases differ from consumer ones.
- Choice Architecture — https://learnposters.com/p/nudges-and-choice-architecture — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nudges-and-choice-architecture.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How the presentation of options changes what gets chosen.
- Word of Mouth — https://learnposters.com/p/word-of-mouth — https://learnposters.com/pdf/word-of-mouth.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Why recommendation outperforms advertising, and what triggers it.
- Customer Lifetime Value — https://learnposters.com/p/customer-lifetime-value — https://learnposters.com/pdf/customer-lifetime-value.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What a customer is worth over the relationship, not the transaction.
- How Buyers Differ — https://learnposters.com/p/segmentation-of-buyers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/segmentation-of-buyers.pdf — A 5-row table: Base · Example · Predictive power. The bases for grouping customers, and which ones predict behaviour.
- Ethics in Consumer Marketing — https://learnposters.com/p/consumer-ethics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/consumer-ethics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Where persuasion crosses into exploitation.

#### Brand & positioning — Identity, equity and differentiation.

- What a Brand Is — https://learnposters.com/p/what-a-brand-is — https://learnposters.com/pdf/what-a-brand-is.pdf — What it is not against What it is, side by side. The difference between a brand, a logo and a reputation.
- Positioning — https://learnposters.com/p/brand-positioning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brand-positioning.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Claiming a specific place in the customer's mind.
- Brand Equity — https://learnposters.com/p/brand-equity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brand-equity.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The value the name itself adds, and how it is built.
- Brand Architecture — https://learnposters.com/p/brand-architecture — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brand-architecture.pdf — Branded house against House of brands, side by side. How a portfolio of brands relates to each other.
- Identity Systems — https://learnposters.com/p/brand-identity-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brand-identity-system.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The assets that make a brand recognisable before it is read.
- Brand Personality — https://learnposters.com/p/brand-personality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brand-personality.pdf — A 5-row table: Dimension · Reads as. The human characteristics attached to a brand, and why they matter.
- Brand Extension — https://learnposters.com/p/brand-extension — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brand-extension.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Taking a brand into a new category, and when it fails.
- Rebranding — https://learnposters.com/p/rebranding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rebranding.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. When a rebrand is justified, and what it costs.
- Brand Purpose — https://learnposters.com/p/brand-purpose — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brand-purpose.pdf — Credible purpose against Hollow purpose, side by side. Standing for something beyond the product, and the risk in it.
- Measuring a Brand — https://learnposters.com/p/measuring-brand — https://learnposters.com/pdf/measuring-brand.pdf — A 6-row table: Metric · Measures. What to track, and what the numbers actually mean.
- Category Entry Points — https://learnposters.com/p/category-entry-points — https://learnposters.com/pdf/category-entry-points.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The situations that trigger a purchase, and being remembered in them.
- Brand in a Crisis — https://learnposters.com/p/brand-crisis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brand-crisis.pdf — 6 numbered steps. What to do when something goes seriously wrong.
- Private Label — https://learnposters.com/p/private-label — https://learnposters.com/pdf/private-label.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Retailer own-brands, and how manufacturer brands respond.
- Brand & Internal Culture — https://learnposters.com/p/brand-and-culture — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brand-and-culture.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Why the brand promise fails if staff have not heard it.

#### Research — Asking the right question, and measuring the answer.

- Start With the Decision — https://learnposters.com/p/research-question-first — https://learnposters.com/pdf/research-question-first.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Designing research backwards from the decision it must inform.
- Qualitative & Quantitative — https://learnposters.com/p/qualitative-vs-quantitative — https://learnposters.com/pdf/qualitative-vs-quantitative.pdf — Qualitative against Quantitative, side by side. What each method can and cannot tell you.
- Sampling — https://learnposters.com/p/sampling-in-research — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sampling-in-research.pdf — A 5-row table: Method · How · Bias risk. Who you ask, and why it usually matters more than how many.
- Writing Good Questions — https://learnposters.com/p/questionnaire-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/questionnaire-design.pdf — A 5-row table: Fault · Example · Fix. The faults that make survey answers meaningless.
- Scales — https://learnposters.com/p/scales-and-measurement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/scales-and-measurement.pdf — A 4-row table: Scale · Example · Permits. The scale types, and what analysis each permits.
- Bias in Surveys — https://learnposters.com/p/survey-bias — https://learnposters.com/pdf/survey-bias.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The systematic errors that survive a large sample.
- Marketing Experiments — https://learnposters.com/p/marketing-experiments — https://learnposters.com/pdf/marketing-experiments.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Running a valid experiment, and the mistakes that void one.
- Secondary Research — https://learnposters.com/p/secondary-research — https://learnposters.com/pdf/secondary-research.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Using data that already exists, and checking it is fit to use.
- Concept Testing — https://learnposters.com/p/concept-testing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/concept-testing.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Testing an idea before building it, and why stated intent overstates sales.
- Customer Interviews — https://learnposters.com/p/customer-interviews — https://learnposters.com/pdf/customer-interviews.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Getting useful answers rather than polite ones.
- Analytics & Research — https://learnposters.com/p/analytics-vs-research — https://learnposters.com/pdf/analytics-vs-research.pdf — Behavioural analytics against Asking people, side by side. What behavioural data shows, and what it cannot.
- Research Ethics — https://learnposters.com/p/research-ethics-marketing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/research-ethics-marketing.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Obligations to the people who give you their time and data.
- Reading a Report — https://learnposters.com/p/reading-a-research-report — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reading-a-research-report.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Checking a study before you act on it.
- Market Sizing — https://learnposters.com/p/market-sizing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/market-sizing.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Estimating a market from the top down and the bottom up.

#### Digital — Search, social, email and attribution.

- The Digital Channels — https://learnposters.com/p/digital-channel-map — https://learnposters.com/pdf/digital-channel-map.pdf — A 3-row table: Type · Examples · Trade-off. Owned, earned and paid, and what each is good for.
- How Search Ranking Works — https://learnposters.com/p/seo-fundamentals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/seo-fundamentals.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The three things a search engine is assessing.
- Search Intent — https://learnposters.com/p/search-intent — https://learnposters.com/pdf/search-intent.pdf — A 4-row table: Intent · Query looks like · Right page. The four intents behind a query, and matching the page to each.
- Paid Search — https://learnposters.com/p/paid-search — https://learnposters.com/pdf/paid-search.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How the auction works, and what quality score changes.
- Conversion Optimisation — https://learnposters.com/p/conversion-rate-optimisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/conversion-rate-optimisation.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Improving the share of visitors who complete the action.
- Email Marketing — https://learnposters.com/p/email-marketing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/email-marketing.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Why email still outperforms, and what destroys a list.
- Content Marketing — https://learnposters.com/p/content-marketing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/content-marketing.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Earning attention with something useful rather than buying it.
- Social Media — https://learnposters.com/p/social-media-strategy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/social-media-strategy.pdf — Realistic expectations against Common overreach, side by side. What social actually does, and what it does not.
- Attribution — https://learnposters.com/p/attribution-models — https://learnposters.com/pdf/attribution-models.pdf — A 5-row table: Model · Credits · Biases toward. Deciding which touchpoint gets credit for a sale.
- Incrementality — https://learnposters.com/p/incrementality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/incrementality.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The only question that matters: what would have happened anyway.
- The Funnel — https://learnposters.com/p/marketing-funnel — https://learnposters.com/pdf/marketing-funnel.pdf — A 6-row table: Stage · Aim · Measure. The stages from unaware to advocate, and where effort belongs.
- Marketing Automation — https://learnposters.com/p/marketing-automation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/marketing-automation.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Automating sequences without making them feel automated.
- Privacy & Tracking — https://learnposters.com/p/privacy-and-tracking — https://learnposters.com/pdf/privacy-and-tracking.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. How measurement changed, and what still works.
- Metrics That Matter — https://learnposters.com/p/digital-metrics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/digital-metrics.pdf — Decision metrics against Vanity metrics, side by side. Separating the numbers that inform decisions from the ones that flatter.

#### Pricing — What to charge, and what price signals.

- What Price Signals — https://learnposters.com/p/what-price-signals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/what-price-signals.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Price is a message before it is a number.
- Price Elasticity — https://learnposters.com/p/price-elasticity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/price-elasticity.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How much demand moves when price moves.
- Value-Based Pricing — https://learnposters.com/p/value-based-pricing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/value-based-pricing.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Pricing on the value delivered rather than the cost incurred.
- Cost-Plus Pricing — https://learnposters.com/p/cost-plus-pricing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cost-plus-pricing.pdf — Why it is used against Why it misleads, side by side. The most common method, and its circular flaw.
- Psychological Pricing — https://learnposters.com/p/psychological-pricing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/psychological-pricing.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The presentation effects that change perception at the same price.
- Price Discrimination — https://learnposters.com/p/price-discrimination — https://learnposters.com/pdf/price-discrimination.pdf — A 6-row table: Fence · Example. Charging different prices to different customers, legitimately.
- Freemium & Tiering — https://learnposters.com/p/freemium-and-tiers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/freemium-and-tiers.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Designing a ladder of plans that moves people upward.
- Subscription Pricing — https://learnposters.com/p/subscription-pricing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/subscription-pricing.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Recurring revenue, and the metrics that govern it.
- Discounting — https://learnposters.com/p/discounting-discipline — https://learnposters.com/pdf/discounting-discipline.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What a discount really costs, and how to give one properly.
- Raising Prices — https://learnposters.com/p/price-changes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/price-changes.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Increasing a price without losing the customer.
- Competitive Pricing — https://learnposters.com/p/competitive-pricing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/competitive-pricing.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Responding to a rival's price move without starting a war.
- Bundling — https://learnposters.com/p/bundling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bundling.pdf — Pure bundling against Mixed bundling, side by side. Selling things together, and when it raises total revenue.
- Researching a Price — https://learnposters.com/p/pricing-research — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pricing-research.pdf — A 5-row table: Method · How · Reliability. Methods for finding what people will actually pay.
- Pricing Fairness — https://learnposters.com/p/pricing-ethics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pricing-ethics.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Where pricing practice becomes exploitative.

#### Advertising & creative — Message, media and effectiveness.

- What Advertising Does — https://learnposters.com/p/what-advertising-does — https://learnposters.com/pdf/what-advertising-does.pdf — The persuasion model against The memory model, side by side. The mechanism, stated honestly.
- The Creative Brief — https://learnposters.com/p/creative-brief — https://learnposters.com/pdf/creative-brief.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The document that decides whether the work can succeed.
- Media Planning — https://learnposters.com/p/advertising-media-planning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/advertising-media-planning.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Reach, frequency and continuity, and the trade-offs between them.
- Measuring Advertising — https://learnposters.com/p/advertising-effectiveness — https://learnposters.com/pdf/advertising-effectiveness.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Separating the effect of advertising from everything else happening.
- Brand & Performance — https://learnposters.com/p/brand-vs-performance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brand-vs-performance.pdf — Brand advertising against Performance advertising, side by side. Two kinds of advertising that do different jobs on different timescales.
- What Makes Advertising Work — https://learnposters.com/p/creative-that-works — https://learnposters.com/pdf/creative-that-works.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The characteristics that correlate with effectiveness.
- Advertising Rules — https://learnposters.com/p/advertising-regulation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/advertising-regulation.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The obligations on any commercial claim.
- Influencer Marketing — https://learnposters.com/p/influencer-marketing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/influencer-marketing.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What it buys, and where it goes wrong.
- Out of Home — https://learnposters.com/p/out-of-home-advertising — https://learnposters.com/pdf/out-of-home-advertising.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Advertising in physical space, and what suits it.
- Sponsorship — https://learnposters.com/p/sponsorship — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sponsorship.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Buying association with something people already care about.
- Public Relations — https://learnposters.com/p/public-relations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/public-relations.pdf — Advertising against Public relations, side by side. Earning coverage rather than buying it, and what that changes.
- Setting the Budget — https://learnposters.com/p/advertising-budget — https://learnposters.com/pdf/advertising-budget.pdf — A 5-row table: Method · How · Weakness. The methods used to decide spend, and which hold up.
- Copywriting — https://learnposters.com/p/copywriting-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/copywriting-basics.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Writing that gets read, understood and acted on.
- What Advertising History Teaches — https://learnposters.com/p/advertising-history-lessons — https://learnposters.com/pdf/advertising-history-lessons.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The findings that have survived repeated testing.

#### Strategy — Segmentation, targeting and the marketing mix.

- Segment, Target, Position — https://learnposters.com/p/stp-framework — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stp-framework.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The three decisions that precede every tactic.
- The Marketing Mix — https://learnposters.com/p/marketing-mix — https://learnposters.com/pdf/marketing-mix.pdf — A 7-row table: Element · Decides. The four Ps, and the three more that services added.
- Durable Advantage — https://learnposters.com/p/durable-advantage — https://learnposters.com/pdf/durable-advantage.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What makes an advantage durable rather than temporary.
- Where Growth Comes From — https://learnposters.com/p/marketing-growth-options — https://learnposters.com/pdf/marketing-growth-options.pdf — A 4-row table: Direction · Means · Risk. The four directions for growth, ordered by risk.
- Portfolio Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/portfolio-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/portfolio-analysis.pdf — A 4-row table: Position · Growth / share · Action. Deciding where to invest across a range of products.
- Product Life Cycle — https://learnposters.com/p/product-life-cycle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/product-life-cycle.pdf — A 4-row table: Stage · Priority · Competition. The stages a product passes through, and what changes at each.
- Competitor Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/competitor-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/competitor-analysis.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Understanding rivals well enough to anticipate them.
- Launch Planning — https://learnposters.com/p/launch-planning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/launch-planning.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The plan for how a product reaches its first customers.
- Distribution — https://learnposters.com/p/distribution-channels — https://learnposters.com/pdf/distribution-channels.pdf — Direct against Intermediated, side by side. Getting the product to where it can be bought.
- The Marketing Plan — https://learnposters.com/p/marketing-planning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/marketing-planning.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The structure of a plan that can actually be executed.
- International Marketing — https://learnposters.com/p/international-marketing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/international-marketing.pdf — Standardise against Adapt, side by side. Standardise or adapt, and what actually has to change.
- Organising Marketing — https://learnposters.com/p/marketing-organisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/marketing-organisation.pdf — A 5-row table: Structure · Organised by · Risk. How the function is structured, and what each structure optimises.
- Working With Agencies — https://learnposters.com/p/agency-relationships — https://learnposters.com/pdf/agency-relationships.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Getting good work out of an external partner.
- Marketing & Business Strategy — https://learnposters.com/p/marketing-and-strategy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/marketing-and-strategy.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Where marketing decisions and company strategy meet.
- Marketing in a Downturn — https://learnposters.com/p/marketing-in-a-downturn — https://learnposters.com/pdf/marketing-in-a-downturn.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What the evidence says about cutting spend in a recession.

### Economics (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/economics — The models, curves and identities an economics degree runs on.

#### Microeconomics — Supply, demand, firms and market structure.

- Supply & Demand — https://learnposters.com/p/supply-and-demand — https://learnposters.com/pdf/supply-and-demand.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How price and quantity settle in a competitive market.
- Elasticity — https://learnposters.com/p/elasticity-concepts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/elasticity-concepts.pdf — A 4-row table: Elasticity · Measures · Reading. The four elasticities, and what each measures.
- Consumer Choice — https://learnposters.com/p/consumer-choice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/consumer-choice.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How a consumer allocates a limited budget.
- Production & Costs — https://learnposters.com/p/production-and-costs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/production-and-costs.pdf — A 4-row table: Cost · Is · Behaviour. How costs behave as output rises in the short and long run.
- Market Structures — https://learnposters.com/p/market-structures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/market-structures.pdf — A 4-row table: Structure · Firms · Price power. The four structures, and what each does to price and output.
- Perfect Competition — https://learnposters.com/p/perfect-competition — https://learnposters.com/pdf/perfect-competition.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The benchmark model, and what it assumes.
- Monopoly — https://learnposters.com/p/monopoly-economics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/monopoly-economics.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How a single seller prices, and why it creates a welfare loss.
- Oligopoly — https://learnposters.com/p/oligopoly-and-game-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/oligopoly-and-game-theory.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Why a few firms behave differently from many.
- Market Failure — https://learnposters.com/p/market-failure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/market-failure.pdf — A 5-row table: Failure · Because. The conditions under which markets do not allocate efficiently.
- Externalities — https://learnposters.com/p/externalities — https://learnposters.com/pdf/externalities.pdf — Negative externality against Positive externality, side by side. Costs and benefits that fall on people outside the transaction.
- Public Goods — https://learnposters.com/p/public-goods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/public-goods.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · Rival? · Excludable?. Why some goods are never supplied by markets.
- The Labour Market — https://learnposters.com/p/labour-market-economics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/labour-market-economics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How wages are determined, and what shifts them.
- Efficiency & Welfare — https://learnposters.com/p/efficiency-and-welfare — https://learnposters.com/pdf/efficiency-and-welfare.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The efficiency concepts, and what they leave out.
- Price Controls — https://learnposters.com/p/price-controls — https://learnposters.com/pdf/price-controls.pdf — Price ceiling against Price floor, side by side. What happens when a price is fixed away from equilibrium.
- Firm Objectives — https://learnposters.com/p/behaviour-of-firms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/behaviour-of-firms.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What firms actually maximise, beyond the textbook assumption.

#### Macroeconomics — Output, inflation, unemployment and policy.

- GDP — https://learnposters.com/p/gdp-and-measurement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gdp-and-measurement.pdf — A 3-row table: Approach · Sums · Identity. What GDP measures, the three ways to compute it, and what it omits.
- Inflation — https://learnposters.com/p/inflation-explained — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inflation-explained.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · Driven by · Response. What causes a sustained rise in the price level.
- Measuring Inflation — https://learnposters.com/p/measuring-inflation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/measuring-inflation.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How a price index is built, and where it goes wrong.
- Unemployment — https://learnposters.com/p/unemployment-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/unemployment-types.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · Cause · Remedy. The types, and why each needs a different remedy.
- Aggregate Demand & Supply — https://learnposters.com/p/aggregate-demand-supply — https://learnposters.com/pdf/aggregate-demand-supply.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The framework for output and the price level together.
- The Multiplier — https://learnposters.com/p/multiplier-effect — https://learnposters.com/pdf/multiplier-effect.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why an initial injection changes output by more than itself.
- Monetary Policy — https://learnposters.com/p/monetary-policy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/monetary-policy.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How a central bank influences demand, and the lags involved.
- Fiscal Policy — https://learnposters.com/p/fiscal-policy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fiscal-policy.pdf — Fiscal policy against Monetary policy, side by side. Government spending and taxation as demand management.
- The Phillips Curve — https://learnposters.com/p/phillips-curve — https://learnposters.com/pdf/phillips-curve.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The inflation-unemployment relationship, and why it shifted.
- Economic Growth — https://learnposters.com/p/economic-growth — https://learnposters.com/pdf/economic-growth.pdf — Extensive growth against Intensive growth, side by side. What makes an economy larger over the long run.
- The Business Cycle — https://learnposters.com/p/business-cycle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/business-cycle.pdf — A 4-row table: Phase · Output · Typical signs. The recurring pattern of expansion and contraction.
- Money & Banking — https://learnposters.com/p/money-and-banking — https://learnposters.com/pdf/money-and-banking.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What money is, and how commercial banks create most of it.
- Government Debt — https://learnposters.com/p/government-debt — https://learnposters.com/pdf/government-debt.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What the debt burden means, and what actually makes it sustainable.
- Exchange Rate Systems — https://learnposters.com/p/exchange-rate-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/exchange-rate-systems.pdf — Floating against Fixed, side by side. Floating, fixed and managed, and the trade-off each accepts.
- Policy Conflicts — https://learnposters.com/p/macro-policy-conflicts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/macro-policy-conflicts.pdf — A 5-row table: Pursuing · Can worsen. Why macroeconomic objectives cannot all be met at once.

#### Econometrics — Estimating relationships from data.

- Regression — https://learnposters.com/p/regression-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/regression-basics.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What a regression coefficient means, and what it does not.
- Correlation & Causation — https://learnposters.com/p/correlation-not-causation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/correlation-not-causation.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The four reasons two variables move together.
- Omitted Variable Bias — https://learnposters.com/p/omitted-variable-bias — https://learnposters.com/pdf/omitted-variable-bias.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The commonest reason a regression coefficient is wrong.
- Hypothesis Testing — https://learnposters.com/p/hypothesis-testing-econ — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hypothesis-testing-econ.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What a p-value says, and the four things it does not.
- Instrumental Variables — https://learnposters.com/p/instrumental-variables — https://learnposters.com/pdf/instrumental-variables.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Finding causal effects when you cannot randomise.
- Difference in Differences — https://learnposters.com/p/difference-in-differences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/difference-in-differences.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Comparing change over time between a treated and untreated group.
- Regression Discontinuity — https://learnposters.com/p/regression-discontinuity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/regression-discontinuity.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Using an arbitrary threshold as a natural experiment.
- Panel Data — https://learnposters.com/p/panel-data — https://learnposters.com/pdf/panel-data.pdf — Cross-section against Panel, side by side. Following the same units over time, and what that buys.
- Time Series — https://learnposters.com/p/time-series-econ — https://learnposters.com/pdf/time-series-econ.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Analysing a variable observed over time, and the trap in it.
- Selection Bias — https://learnposters.com/p/selection-bias-econ — https://learnposters.com/pdf/selection-bias-econ.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. When the sample is not who you think it is.
- Forecasting — https://learnposters.com/p/economic-forecasting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/economic-forecasting.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What forecasts can do, and the honest limits.
- Economic Data — https://learnposters.com/p/data-quality-econ — https://learnposters.com/pdf/data-quality-econ.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Where economic data comes from, and how much to trust it.
- Presenting Results — https://learnposters.com/p/presenting-econ-results — https://learnposters.com/pdf/presenting-econ-results.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Communicating an estimate honestly.

#### International economics — Trade, exchange rates and balance of payments.

- Comparative Advantage — https://learnposters.com/p/comparative-advantage — https://learnposters.com/pdf/comparative-advantage.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why trade benefits both parties even when one is better at everything.
- Trade Barriers — https://learnposters.com/p/trade-barriers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/trade-barriers.pdf — A 5-row table: Barrier · How · Main cost falls on. The tools that restrict trade, and who bears their cost.
- Balance of Payments — https://learnposters.com/p/balance-of-payments — https://learnposters.com/pdf/balance-of-payments.pdf — A 3-row table: Account · Records. The accounts recording all transactions with the rest of the world.
- What Moves Exchange Rates — https://learnposters.com/p/exchange-rate-determination — https://learnposters.com/pdf/exchange-rate-determination.pdf — Short run against Long run, side by side. The short-run and long-run drivers, which differ.
- Globalisation — https://learnposters.com/p/globalisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/globalisation.pdf — Documented gains against Documented costs, side by side. What integrated markets deliver, and what they disrupt.
- Trade Agreements — https://learnposters.com/p/trade-agreements — https://learnposters.com/pdf/trade-agreements.pdf — A 5-row table: Level · Adds. The levels of integration, from a free trade area to a union.
- Emerging Markets — https://learnposters.com/p/emerging-markets — https://learnposters.com/pdf/emerging-markets.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What distinguishes them, and the risks that come with the growth.
- International Institutions — https://learnposters.com/p/international-institutions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/international-institutions.pdf — A 5-row table: Body · Mandate. The bodies governing trade and finance, and what each does.
- Global Imbalances — https://learnposters.com/p/current-account-imbalances — https://learnposters.com/pdf/current-account-imbalances.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Why some countries run persistent surpluses and others deficits.
- Effects of a Currency Move — https://learnposters.com/p/exchange-rate-effects — https://learnposters.com/pdf/exchange-rate-effects.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What a depreciation actually does, and how quickly.
- The Economics of Migration — https://learnposters.com/p/migration-economics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/migration-economics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What the evidence shows about labour movement.
- Commodity Economics — https://learnposters.com/p/commodity-markets — https://learnposters.com/pdf/commodity-markets.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Why commodity prices swing so violently.
- Terms of Trade — https://learnposters.com/p/terms-of-trade — https://learnposters.com/pdf/terms-of-trade.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The ratio of export prices to import prices, and why it matters.
- Foreign Direct Investment — https://learnposters.com/p/foreign-direct-investment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/foreign-direct-investment.pdf — Benefits to the host against Concerns, side by side. What FDI brings beyond the capital itself.
- Currency Crises — https://learnposters.com/p/currency-crises — https://learnposters.com/pdf/currency-crises.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How a peg breaks, and the pattern that recurs.

#### Behavioural economics — Where the rational model breaks.

- Where the Rational Model Breaks — https://learnposters.com/p/rational-actor-limits — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rational-actor-limits.pdf — A 5-row table: Assumption · Evidence against. The assumptions of standard theory, and the evidence against each.
- Prospect Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/prospect-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/prospect-theory.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How people actually evaluate gains and losses.
- Shortcuts in Economic Choice — https://learnposters.com/p/economic-heuristics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/economic-heuristics.pdf — A 4-row table: Heuristic · Shortcut · Error. The mental shortcuts, and the errors they systematically produce.
- Present Bias — https://learnposters.com/p/present-bias — https://learnposters.com/pdf/present-bias.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why people plan to save and then do not.
- Framing — https://learnposters.com/p/framing-effects — https://learnposters.com/pdf/framing-effects.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How the same information changes decisions when described differently.
- Fairness & Reciprocity — https://learnposters.com/p/social-preferences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/social-preferences.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Where people sacrifice money to punish unfairness.
- Mental Accounting — https://learnposters.com/p/mental-accounting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mental-accounting.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Treating money differently depending on where it came from.
- Nudges in Policy — https://learnposters.com/p/nudge-policy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nudge-policy.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Where behavioural insight has been applied to public policy.
- Overconfidence — https://learnposters.com/p/overconfidence-econ — https://learnposters.com/pdf/overconfidence-econ.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The most consistently documented bias, and what it costs.
- Behavioural Finance — https://learnposters.com/p/behavioural-finance-econ — https://learnposters.com/pdf/behavioural-finance-econ.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How psychology shows up in market prices.
- Critiques of Behavioural Economics — https://learnposters.com/p/behavioural-critique — https://learnposters.com/pdf/behavioural-critique.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The honest limits of the field.
- Choice Overload — https://learnposters.com/p/choice-overload — https://learnposters.com/pdf/choice-overload.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. When more options make decisions worse rather than better.
- Scarcity — https://learnposters.com/p/scarcity-mindset — https://learnposters.com/pdf/scarcity-mindset.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How lacking something changes how people think.
- Status Quo Bias — https://learnposters.com/p/status-quo-bias — https://learnposters.com/pdf/status-quo-bias.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The pull of leaving things as they are.

#### Development — Growth, poverty and institutions.

- Measuring Development — https://learnposters.com/p/measuring-development — https://learnposters.com/pdf/measuring-development.pdf — A 5-row table: Measure · Captures. Why income alone is an inadequate measure.
- Poverty Traps — https://learnposters.com/p/poverty-traps — https://learnposters.com/pdf/poverty-traps.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Why poverty can be self-reinforcing rather than temporary.
- Institutions — https://learnposters.com/p/institutions-and-growth — https://learnposters.com/pdf/institutions-and-growth.pdf — Inclusive institutions against Extractive institutions, side by side. Why similar resources produce very different outcomes.
- Does Aid Work? — https://learnposters.com/p/aid-effectiveness — https://learnposters.com/pdf/aid-effectiveness.pdf — Strong evidence against Weak or contested, side by side. What the evidence shows about development assistance.
- Structural Transformation — https://learnposters.com/p/structural-transformation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/structural-transformation.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The shift of workers from agriculture to industry and services.
- Inequality — https://learnposters.com/p/inequality-economics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inequality-economics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How inequality is measured, and why it matters economically.
- Education & Development — https://learnposters.com/p/education-and-development — https://learnposters.com/pdf/education-and-development.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What returns education produces, and the schooling-learning gap.
- Health & Development — https://learnposters.com/p/health-and-development — https://learnposters.com/pdf/health-and-development.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The two-way relationship between health and income.
- Urbanisation — https://learnposters.com/p/urbanisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/urbanisation.pdf — Agglomeration benefits against Congestion costs, side by side. Why cities concentrate growth, and what strains that creates.
- Climate & Development — https://learnposters.com/p/climate-and-development — https://learnposters.com/pdf/climate-and-development.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The tension between growth and emissions, stated fairly.
- The Informal Economy — https://learnposters.com/p/informal-economy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/informal-economy.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The large share of activity outside formal registration.
- Randomised Trials in Development — https://learnposters.com/p/randomised-trials-development — https://learnposters.com/pdf/randomised-trials-development.pdf — Strengths against Limits, side by side. What field experiments established, and what they cannot settle.
- Financial Inclusion — https://learnposters.com/p/financial-inclusion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/financial-inclusion.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Access to savings, payments and credit, and what each delivers.
- Population & Development — https://learnposters.com/p/population-and-demography — https://learnposters.com/pdf/population-and-demography.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How the age structure of a population affects growth.

#### Public economics — Taxation, spending and market failure.

- What Governments Do Economically — https://learnposters.com/p/role-of-government — https://learnposters.com/pdf/role-of-government.pdf — A 3-row table: Function · Addresses · Instruments. The economic functions of the state, stated neutrally.
- Who Really Pays a Tax — https://learnposters.com/p/tax-incidence-econ — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tax-incidence-econ.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The difference between who remits a tax and who bears it.
- Efficient Taxation — https://learnposters.com/p/efficiency-of-taxes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/efficiency-of-taxes.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What makes one tax less economically damaging than another.
- Public Spending — https://learnposters.com/p/public-spending — https://learnposters.com/pdf/public-spending.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Where government money goes, and the categories that matter.
- Cost-Benefit Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/cost-benefit-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cost-benefit-analysis.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Appraising a public project, and the judgements inside it.
- Welfare Systems — https://learnposters.com/p/welfare-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/welfare-systems.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How income support is designed, and the trade-off at its centre.
- Public Choice — https://learnposters.com/p/public-choice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/public-choice.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Applying economic reasoning to political decisions.
- Economics of Regulation — https://learnposters.com/p/regulation-economics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/regulation-economics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. When regulation improves outcomes, and what it costs.
- Environmental Economics — https://learnposters.com/p/environmental-economics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/environmental-economics.pdf — Carbon tax against Cap and trade, side by side. Pricing pollution, and the instruments available.
- Health Economics — https://learnposters.com/p/healthcare-economics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/healthcare-economics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Why healthcare markets behave unlike ordinary markets.
- Which Level of Government — https://learnposters.com/p/fiscal-federalism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fiscal-federalism.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Deciding what belongs to central, regional and local government.
- Progressive Taxation — https://learnposters.com/p/progressive-taxation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/progressive-taxation.pdf — Arguments for against Arguments against, side by side. The case for and against rates rising with income.
- Pensions — https://learnposters.com/p/pensions-economics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pensions-economics.pdf — Pay-as-you-go against Funded, side by side. The two funding models, and the risk each carries.
- Debt Across Generations — https://learnposters.com/p/public-debt-and-generations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/public-debt-and-generations.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Whether borrowing shifts a burden to those not yet born.

### Law (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/law — The doctrines, tests and cases a law degree is built on.

#### The legal system — Sources of law, courts and precedent.

- Sources of Law — https://learnposters.com/p/sources-of-law — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sources-of-law.pdf — A 5-row table: Source · Made by · Status. Where legal rules come from, and which prevails in a conflict.
- Common Law & Civil Law — https://learnposters.com/p/common-law-civil-law — https://learnposters.com/pdf/common-law-civil-law.pdf — Common law against Civil law, side by side. The two dominant legal traditions, and how they differ in practice.
- Precedent — https://learnposters.com/p/precedent — https://learnposters.com/pdf/precedent.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How a past decision binds a later court, and what part actually binds.
- Court Structure — https://learnposters.com/p/court-hierarchy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/court-hierarchy.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. How courts are tiered, and what each level does.
- Civil & Criminal Proceedings — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-vs-criminal — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-vs-criminal.pdf — Criminal against Civil, side by side. Two systems with different parties, standards and outcomes.
- Interpreting Statutes — https://learnposters.com/p/statutory-interpretation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/statutory-interpretation.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How courts decide what legislation means.
- Proof — https://learnposters.com/p/burden-and-standard-of-proof — https://learnposters.com/pdf/burden-and-standard-of-proof.pdf — A 5-row table: Concept · Means. Who must prove what, and how convincingly.
- Legal Personality — https://learnposters.com/p/legal-personality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/legal-personality.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Who and what the law recognises as a person.
- Jurisdiction — https://learnposters.com/p/jurisdiction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/jurisdiction.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Which court can hear a case, and which law applies.
- Resolving Disputes Without Trial — https://learnposters.com/p/alternative-dispute-resolution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/alternative-dispute-resolution.pdf — A 5-row table: Method · Decided by · Binding?. The alternatives to litigation, and what each offers.
- Access to Justice — https://learnposters.com/p/access-to-justice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/access-to-justice.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The barriers between having a right and being able to enforce it.
- The Legal Profession — https://learnposters.com/p/legal-profession — https://learnposters.com/pdf/legal-profession.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The roles within legal practice, and what each does.
- The Rule of Law — https://learnposters.com/p/rule-of-law — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rule-of-law.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What the principle requires, beyond the existence of laws.
- Legal Reasoning — https://learnposters.com/p/legal-reasoning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/legal-reasoning.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How lawyers argue from rules and cases to conclusions.
- Law & Morality — https://learnposters.com/p/law-and-morality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/law-and-morality.pdf — Legal positivism against Natural law, side by side. Where legal obligation and moral obligation diverge.

#### Contract — Formation, terms, breach and remedies.

- Forming a Contract — https://learnposters.com/p/contract-formation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/contract-formation.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The elements that turn an agreement into a binding one.
- Offer & Acceptance — https://learnposters.com/p/offer-and-acceptance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/offer-and-acceptance.pdf — A 5-row table: Situation · Usually is. Distinguishing an offer from an invitation to treat.
- Consideration — https://learnposters.com/p/consideration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/consideration.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The requirement that each side gives something.
- Types of Contract Term — https://learnposters.com/p/contract-term-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/contract-term-types.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · If breached. How terms get into a contract, and what weight each carries.
- Exclusion Clauses — https://learnposters.com/p/exclusion-clauses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/exclusion-clauses.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Clauses limiting liability, and the hurdles they must clear.
- Misrepresentation — https://learnposters.com/p/misrepresentation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/misrepresentation.pdf — A 3-row table: Type · State of mind · Remedy. False statements that induce a contract, and the remedies.
- Breach & Remedies — https://learnposters.com/p/breach-and-remedies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/breach-and-remedies.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What the law gives when a contract is broken.
- When Performance Becomes Impossible — https://learnposters.com/p/frustration-and-force-majeure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/frustration-and-force-majeure.pdf — Frustration against Force majeure, side by side. Frustration at common law, and force majeure by agreement.
- Privity — https://learnposters.com/p/privity-of-contract — https://learnposters.com/pdf/privity-of-contract.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Who can enforce a contract, and the exceptions.
- Consumer Contracts — https://learnposters.com/p/consumer-contracts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/consumer-contracts.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The extra protection consumers receive, and why.
- Employment Contracts — https://learnposters.com/p/employment-contracts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/employment-contracts.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What makes someone an employee, and why the label matters.
- Drafting — https://learnposters.com/p/drafting-clear-contracts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drafting-clear-contracts.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Writing a contract that does not need a court to interpret it.
- Mistake — https://learnposters.com/p/mistake-in-contract — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mistake-in-contract.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · Means · Effect. When a shared or fundamental error undermines a contract.
- Pressure & Influence — https://learnposters.com/p/duress-and-undue-influence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/duress-and-undue-influence.pdf — Duress against Undue influence, side by side. When consent is so compromised that the contract can be set aside.
- Agency — https://learnposters.com/p/agency-in-contract — https://learnposters.com/pdf/agency-in-contract.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. One person contracting on another's behalf.

#### Tort — Negligence, duty and the standard of care.

- What Tort Law Does — https://learnposters.com/p/what-tort-is — https://learnposters.com/pdf/what-tort-is.pdf — Contract against Tort, side by side. Civil wrongs outside contract, and the interests they protect.
- Negligence — https://learnposters.com/p/negligence-elements — https://learnposters.com/pdf/negligence-elements.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The four elements a claimant must establish.
- Duty of Care — https://learnposters.com/p/duty-of-care — https://learnposters.com/pdf/duty-of-care.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. When the law recognises a duty between two parties.
- The Standard of Care — https://learnposters.com/p/standard-of-care — https://learnposters.com/pdf/standard-of-care.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What the reasonable person is expected to do.
- Causation — https://learnposters.com/p/causation-in-tort — https://learnposters.com/pdf/causation-in-tort.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Linking the breach to the harm, factually and legally.
- Defences — https://learnposters.com/p/defences-in-tort — https://learnposters.com/pdf/defences-in-tort.pdf — A 5-row table: Defence · Requires · Effect. The answers available to a defendant in negligence.
- Vicarious Liability — https://learnposters.com/p/vicarious-liability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/vicarious-liability.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. When one party is liable for another's wrongdoing.
- Occupiers' Liability — https://learnposters.com/p/occupiers-liability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/occupiers-liability.pdf — To lawful visitors against To trespassers, side by side. The duty owed by those in control of premises.
- Nuisance — https://learnposters.com/p/nuisance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nuisance.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Unreasonable interference with the use of land.
- Defamation — https://learnposters.com/p/defamation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/defamation.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Protecting reputation, and the defences that protect speech.
- Product Liability — https://learnposters.com/p/product-liability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/product-liability.pdf — Negligence route against Strict liability regime, side by side. Liability for defective products, in negligence and under statute.
- Damages — https://learnposters.com/p/damages-in-tort — https://learnposters.com/pdf/damages-in-tort.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How compensation is calculated for personal injury and loss.
- Psychiatric Injury — https://learnposters.com/p/psychiatric-injury — https://learnposters.com/pdf/psychiatric-injury.pdf — Primary victim against Secondary victim, side by side. Why claims for psychological harm face additional restrictions.
- Professional Negligence — https://learnposters.com/p/professional-negligence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/professional-negligence.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The standard applied to those holding themselves out as skilled.
- Economic Torts — https://learnposters.com/p/economic-torts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/economic-torts.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Wrongs that cause financial loss without physical harm.

#### Criminal law — Actus reus, mens rea and the main offences.

- The Elements of an Offence — https://learnposters.com/p/actus-reus-mens-rea — https://learnposters.com/pdf/actus-reus-mens-rea.pdf — Actus reus against Mens rea, side by side. The conduct element and the mental element.
- States of Mind — https://learnposters.com/p/intention-and-recklessness — https://learnposters.com/pdf/intention-and-recklessness.pdf — A 5-row table: State · Means. The mental states the criminal law distinguishes.
- Homicide — https://learnposters.com/p/homicide-offences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/homicide-offences.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How unlawful killings are graded.
- Offences Against the Person — https://learnposters.com/p/non-fatal-offences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/non-fatal-offences.pdf — A 5-row table: Offence · Harm · Mental element. The ladder of assault offences, by seriousness.
- Property Offences — https://learnposters.com/p/property-offences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/property-offences.pdf — A 5-row table: Offence · Distinguished by. Theft, fraud and related offences, and what distinguishes them.
- Defences — https://learnposters.com/p/criminal-defences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/criminal-defences.pdf — A 6-row table: Defence · Basis. The general defences, and what each requires.
- Inchoate Offences — https://learnposters.com/p/inchoate-offences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inchoate-offences.pdf — 7 entries in 2 groups. Liability for crimes not completed.
- Parties to an Offence — https://learnposters.com/p/participation-in-crime — https://learnposters.com/pdf/participation-in-crime.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Liability for those who assist rather than commit.
- Criminal Procedure — https://learnposters.com/p/criminal-procedure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/criminal-procedure.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The stages from investigation to sentence.
- Sentencing — https://learnposters.com/p/sentencing-principles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sentencing-principles.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What sentencing is trying to achieve, and how it is decided.
- Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/evidence-in-criminal-cases — https://learnposters.com/pdf/evidence-in-criminal-cases.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What a court can consider, and what it must exclude.
- Miscarriages of Justice — https://learnposters.com/p/miscarriages-of-justice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/miscarriages-of-justice.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The recurring causes of wrongful conviction.
- Strict Liability — https://learnposters.com/p/strict-liability-offences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/strict-liability-offences.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Offences requiring no proof of a guilty mind.
- Corporate Liability — https://learnposters.com/p/corporate-criminal-liability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/corporate-criminal-liability.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. How an organisation can commit a criminal offence.
- Victims & Witnesses — https://learnposters.com/p/victims-and-witnesses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/victims-and-witnesses.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The position of those who are not parties to the prosecution.

#### Public & constitutional — State power, rights and judicial review.

- Separation of Powers — https://learnposters.com/p/separation-of-powers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/separation-of-powers.pdf — A 3-row table: Branch · Function · Check on it. The three branches, and why they are kept apart.
- Constitutions — https://learnposters.com/p/constitutions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/constitutions.pdf — Codified against Uncodified, side by side. What a constitution does, codified or not.
- Judicial Review — https://learnposters.com/p/judicial-review — https://learnposters.com/pdf/judicial-review.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Courts reviewing the lawfulness of public decisions.
- Rights Frameworks — https://learnposters.com/p/human-rights-framework — https://learnposters.com/pdf/human-rights-framework.pdf — A 3-row table: Type · Can be limited? · Examples. How protected rights are structured and limited.
- Proportionality — https://learnposters.com/p/proportionality-test — https://learnposters.com/pdf/proportionality-test.pdf — 4 numbered steps. The structured test for whether a rights limitation is justified.
- Delegated Powers — https://learnposters.com/p/rule-making-powers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rule-making-powers.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Why legislatures delegate, and how delegation is controlled.
- Dividing Power Territorially — https://learnposters.com/p/federalism-and-devolution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/federalism-and-devolution.pdf — Federal against Devolved, side by side. How power is split between central and regional government.
- Administrative Justice — https://learnposters.com/p/administrative-justice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/administrative-justice.pdf — A 5-row table: Route · Addresses. How decisions about individuals by public bodies are challenged.
- Police & State Powers — https://learnposters.com/p/state-powers-and-liberty — https://learnposters.com/pdf/state-powers-and-liberty.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Coercive powers and the safeguards attached to them.
- Freedom of Expression — https://learnposters.com/p/freedom-of-expression — https://learnposters.com/pdf/freedom-of-expression.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The scope of the right, and where limits are commonly drawn.
- Equality & Discrimination — https://learnposters.com/p/equality-law — https://learnposters.com/pdf/equality-law.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The structure of discrimination law.
- Elections — https://learnposters.com/p/elections-and-representation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/elections-and-representation.pdf — A 4-row table: System · How · Tends to produce. How votes become seats, and what each system rewards.
- Emergency Powers — https://learnposters.com/p/emergency-powers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/emergency-powers.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Expanded state power in a crisis, and the safeguards on it.
- Privacy & Data Protection — https://learnposters.com/p/privacy-and-data — https://learnposters.com/pdf/privacy-and-data.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The interest protected, and the framework around personal data.

#### Property & equity — Land, trusts and equitable principles.

- Kinds of Property — https://learnposters.com/p/types-of-property — https://learnposters.com/pdf/types-of-property.pdf — A 4-row table: Category · Covers · Feature. The categories the law recognises, and why they are treated differently.
- Ownership & Possession — https://learnposters.com/p/ownership-and-possession — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ownership-and-possession.pdf — Possession against Ownership, side by side. Two different things that are commonly conflated.
- Interests in Land — https://learnposters.com/p/land-interests — https://learnposters.com/pdf/land-interests.pdf — A 6-row table: Interest · Permits. The rights a person can hold over land they do not own.
- Leases — https://learnposters.com/p/leases — https://learnposters.com/pdf/leases.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What makes a lease, and how it differs from a licence.
- Trusts — https://learnposters.com/p/trusts-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/trusts-basics.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Splitting legal ownership from beneficial ownership.
- Trustee Duties — https://learnposters.com/p/trustee-duties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/trustee-duties.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The obligations that come with holding property for another.
- Equitable Remedies — https://learnposters.com/p/equitable-remedies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/equitable-remedies.pdf — A 6-row table: Remedy · Purpose. Remedies developed in equity, and their discretionary nature.
- Co-ownership — https://learnposters.com/p/co-ownership — https://learnposters.com/pdf/co-ownership.pdf — Joint tenancy against Tenancy in common, side by side. How two or more people own property together.
- Security Over Property — https://learnposters.com/p/security-interests — https://learnposters.com/pdf/security-interests.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · Possession · Feature. How a lender takes rights over property to secure a debt.
- IP Rights Compared — https://learnposters.com/p/ip-rights-compared — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ip-rights-compared.pdf — A 5-row table: Right · Protects · Typical duration. The main rights, what each protects, and for how long.
- Registration of Title — https://learnposters.com/p/registration-of-title — https://learnposters.com/pdf/registration-of-title.pdf — Unregistered land against Registered land, side by side. Why land registration exists and what it guarantees.
- Wills & Succession — https://learnposters.com/p/wills-and-succession — https://learnposters.com/pdf/wills-and-succession.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How property passes on death.
- Landlord & Tenant — https://learnposters.com/p/landlord-and-tenant — https://learnposters.com/pdf/landlord-and-tenant.pdf — Landlord typically owes against Tenant typically owes, side by side. The obligations running each way in a tenancy.

#### Legal skills — Case reading, citation and legal writing.

- Reading a Case — https://learnposters.com/p/reading-a-case — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reading-a-case.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Extracting what matters from a judgment efficiently.
- Citation — https://learnposters.com/p/legal-citation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/legal-citation.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Why citation format matters, and what each element does.
- Legal Research — https://learnposters.com/p/legal-research — https://learnposters.com/pdf/legal-research.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Finding the law, and confirming it is still good.
- Legal Writing — https://learnposters.com/p/legal-writing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/legal-writing.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Writing that a busy reader can act on.
- Structuring an Answer — https://learnposters.com/p/irac-method — https://learnposters.com/pdf/irac-method.pdf — 4 numbered steps. The standard structure for a legal problem question.
- Client Interviewing — https://learnposters.com/p/interviewing-a-client — https://learnposters.com/pdf/interviewing-a-client.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Getting the facts you need, including the ones they did not think mattered.
- Negotiation — https://learnposters.com/p/negotiation-skills-law — https://learnposters.com/pdf/negotiation-skills-law.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Negotiating for a client without giving away the case.
- Professional Ethics — https://learnposters.com/p/professional-ethics-law — https://learnposters.com/pdf/professional-ethics-law.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The duties that constrain what a lawyer may do for a client.
- Advocacy — https://learnposters.com/p/mooting-and-advocacy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mooting-and-advocacy.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Presenting an argument to a court.
- Reading Legislation — https://learnposters.com/p/statutory-reading — https://learnposters.com/pdf/statutory-reading.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Working through a statutory provision accurately.
- Analysing a Problem — https://learnposters.com/p/case-analysis-tools — https://learnposters.com/pdf/case-analysis-tools.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Turning a messy set of facts into legal issues.
- Drafting Legal Documents — https://learnposters.com/p/legal-drafting-documents — https://learnposters.com/pdf/legal-drafting-documents.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Producing documents that do the job without ambiguity.
- Handling Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/working-with-evidence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/working-with-evidence.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Organising and assessing material for a case.

### Political Science (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/politics — Theory, institutions and the methods used to study both.

#### Political theory — Justice, liberty, authority and the state.

- The State — https://learnposters.com/p/what-is-the-state — https://learnposters.com/pdf/what-is-the-state.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What distinguishes a state from other organisations.
- Why Obey the State? — https://learnposters.com/p/political-obligation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/political-obligation.pdf — A 4-row table: Argument · Claims · Objection. The main justifications for political authority.
- Liberty — https://learnposters.com/p/liberty-concepts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/liberty-concepts.pdf — Negative liberty against Positive liberty, side by side. The two main conceptions of freedom, and what each implies.
- Justice — https://learnposters.com/p/theories-of-justice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/theories-of-justice.pdf — A 5-row table: Theory · Just distribution is one that. The main accounts of what a just distribution looks like.
- Why Democracy? — https://learnposters.com/p/democracy-justifications — https://learnposters.com/pdf/democracy-justifications.pdf — Arguments for against Known problems, side by side. The arguments for majority rule, and its known weaknesses.
- Equality of What? — https://learnposters.com/p/equality-debates — https://learnposters.com/pdf/equality-debates.pdf — A 5-row table: Equalise · Difficulty. The dispute is rarely about equality itself, but about its currency.
- Power & Authority — https://learnposters.com/p/power-and-authority — https://learnposters.com/pdf/power-and-authority.pdf — 6 entries in 2 groups. The difference between being obeyed and being entitled to be.
- Political Ideologies — https://learnposters.com/p/ideologies-map — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ideologies-map.pdf — A 6-row table: Ideology · Centres on. The main traditions and their core commitments.
- Rights — https://learnposters.com/p/rights-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rights-theory.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What a right is, and what having one implies for others.
- Civil Disobedience — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-disobedience — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-disobedience.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Deliberate lawbreaking as political argument.
- Difference & Recognition — https://learnposters.com/p/multiculturalism-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/multiculturalism-theory.pdf — Difference-blind against Recognition, side by side. How political theory handles cultural and group difference.
- Legitimacy — https://learnposters.com/p/political-legitimacy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/political-legitimacy.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What makes the exercise of power acceptable rather than merely effective.
- Political Realism — https://learnposters.com/p/realism-vs-idealism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/realism-vs-idealism.pdf — Ideal theory against Non-ideal and realist, side by side. Whether political theory should start from ideals or from conduct.
- Toleration — https://learnposters.com/p/toleration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/toleration.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Putting up with what you disapprove of, and where the limit sits.
- The Common Good — https://learnposters.com/p/common-good — https://learnposters.com/pdf/common-good.pdf — Aggregative against Deliberative, side by side. Whether politics serves shared interests or aggregates private ones.

#### Comparative politics — Regimes, parties and institutions across countries.

- Regime Types — https://learnposters.com/p/regime-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/regime-types.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · Elections · Constraint on rulers. How political systems are classified, and why the middle is crowded.
- Presidential & Parliamentary — https://learnposters.com/p/presidential-parliamentary — https://learnposters.com/pdf/presidential-parliamentary.pdf — Parliamentary against Presidential, side by side. Two ways of organising the executive, with different failure modes.
- Party Systems — https://learnposters.com/p/party-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/party-systems.pdf — A 4-row table: System · Arises with. How many parties compete, and what determines that.
- Federal & Unitary States — https://learnposters.com/p/federal-unitary — https://learnposters.com/pdf/federal-unitary.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Where authority sits between the centre and the regions.
- Democratic Transitions — https://learnposters.com/p/democratic-transitions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/democratic-transitions.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How regimes change, and what makes the change stick.
- Democratic Backsliding — https://learnposters.com/p/democratic-backsliding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/democratic-backsliding.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How democracies erode without a coup.
- Political Culture — https://learnposters.com/p/political-culture — https://learnposters.com/pdf/political-culture.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The shared attitudes that shape how institutions work.
- Interest Groups — https://learnposters.com/p/interest-groups — https://learnposters.com/pdf/interest-groups.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How organised interests influence government.
- Bureaucracy — https://learnposters.com/p/bureaucracy-politics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bureaucracy-politics.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The permanent administration, and its relationship with elected politicians.
- Why Authoritarian Regimes Last — https://learnposters.com/p/authoritarian-durability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/authoritarian-durability.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The mechanisms that sustain non-democratic rule.
- The Comparative Method — https://learnposters.com/p/comparative-method — https://learnposters.com/pdf/comparative-method.pdf — Most similar design against Most different design, side by side. How political scientists compare across countries.
- State Capacity — https://learnposters.com/p/state-capacity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/state-capacity.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The ability of a state to do what it decides to do.
- Clientelism — https://learnposters.com/p/clientelism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/clientelism.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Exchanging particular benefits for political support.
- Civil Society — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-society — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-society.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Organised life between the family and the state.
- How Institutions Change — https://learnposters.com/p/institutional-change — https://learnposters.com/pdf/institutional-change.pdf — A 5-row table: Mode · What happens. Why institutions persist, and how they shift when they do.

#### International relations — Anarchy, power and the main IR theories.

- The Main IR Theories — https://learnposters.com/p/ir-theories — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ir-theories.pdf — A 4-row table: Theory · Drives behaviour · Key concept. Four lenses on the same events, each seeing something different.
- Anarchy & the Security Dilemma — https://learnposters.com/p/anarchy-and-security-dilemma — https://learnposters.com/pdf/anarchy-and-security-dilemma.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why defensive measures can make everyone less safe.
- Balance of Power — https://learnposters.com/p/balance-of-power — https://learnposters.com/pdf/balance-of-power.pdf — Balancing against Bandwagoning, side by side. How states respond to a rising power.
- Institutions Without Government — https://learnposters.com/p/ir-institutions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ir-institutions.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What institutions do when there is no world government.
- Sovereignty & Intervention — https://learnposters.com/p/sovereignty-and-intervention — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sovereignty-and-intervention.pdf — Non-intervention against Responsibility to protect, side by side. The tension between non-interference and preventing atrocity.
- Why Wars Happen — https://learnposters.com/p/war-causes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/war-causes.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The rationalist explanations, and what they have in common.
- Deterrence — https://learnposters.com/p/deterrence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/deterrence.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Preventing action by threatening consequences.
- Soft Power — https://learnposters.com/p/soft-power — https://learnposters.com/pdf/soft-power.pdf — Hard power against Soft power, side by side. Getting outcomes through attraction rather than coercion.
- Global Governance — https://learnposters.com/p/global-governance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/global-governance.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Managing problems no single state can solve.
- Economic Statecraft — https://learnposters.com/p/economic-statecraft — https://learnposters.com/pdf/economic-statecraft.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Using economic tools for political ends.
- Regional Organisations — https://learnposters.com/p/regional-organisations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/regional-organisations.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Cooperation below the global level.
- Diplomacy — https://learnposters.com/p/diplomacy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/diplomacy.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The practice of managing relations between states.
- International Law — https://learnposters.com/p/international-law — https://learnposters.com/pdf/international-law.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. How law works between states with no central enforcer.
- Nuclear Politics — https://learnposters.com/p/nuclear-politics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nuclear-politics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How nuclear weapons changed strategic reasoning.
- Displacement — https://learnposters.com/p/humanitarian-and-refugee — https://learnposters.com/pdf/humanitarian-and-refugee.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. How the international system handles people who flee.

#### Public policy — How policy is made, implemented and evaluated.

- The Policy Cycle — https://learnposters.com/p/policy-cycle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/policy-cycle.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The stages from problem to evaluation, and why the model is tidier than reality.
- How Problems Reach the Agenda — https://learnposters.com/p/agenda-setting-policy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/agenda-setting-policy.pdf — 7 entries in 2 groups. Why some problems get attention and others do not.
- Policy Instruments — https://learnposters.com/p/policy-instruments — https://learnposters.com/pdf/policy-instruments.pdf — A 6-row table: Instrument · Works by · Cost falls on. The tools available to change behaviour.
- The Implementation Gap — https://learnposters.com/p/implementation-gap — https://learnposters.com/pdf/implementation-gap.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Why policies do not deliver what was announced.
- Evidence in Policy — https://learnposters.com/p/evidence-based-policy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/evidence-based-policy.pdf — Evidence can inform against Evidence cannot settle, side by side. What evidence can settle, and what it cannot.
- Evaluating Policy — https://learnposters.com/p/policy-evaluation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/policy-evaluation.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Establishing whether a policy actually caused the outcome.
- Why Policies Fail — https://learnposters.com/p/cost-of-policy-failure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cost-of-policy-failure.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The recurring patterns behind expensive failures.
- Designing Regulation — https://learnposters.com/p/regulation-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/regulation-design.pdf — Rules-based against Principles-based, side by side. Choosing how prescriptive a rule should be.
- Consultation — https://learnposters.com/p/public-consultation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/public-consultation.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Involving affected people in decisions, meaningfully.
- Borrowing Policy From Abroad — https://learnposters.com/p/policy-transfer — https://learnposters.com/pdf/policy-transfer.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Why a policy that worked elsewhere may not work here.
- Policy in a Crisis — https://learnposters.com/p/crisis-policy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/crisis-policy.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Deciding under time pressure and deep uncertainty.
- Changing Behaviour — https://learnposters.com/p/policy-and-behaviour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/policy-and-behaviour.pdf — A 6-row table: Level · Example. The options when a policy needs people to act differently.
- The Cost of Inaction — https://learnposters.com/p/cost-of-doing-nothing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cost-of-doing-nothing.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Why inaction is a decision with its own costs.
- Designing Public Services — https://learnposters.com/p/public-services-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/public-services-design.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Building services around the people who use them.
- Regulating New Technology — https://learnposters.com/p/policy-and-technology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/policy-and-technology.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Making rules for something that changes faster than legislation.

#### Elections & voting — Systems, behaviour and representation.

- Voting Systems — https://learnposters.com/p/voting-systems-compared — https://learnposters.com/pdf/voting-systems-compared.pdf — A 6-row table: System · Winner · Proportionality. How different systems translate votes into seats.
- Voting Behaviour — https://learnposters.com/p/why-people-vote — https://learnposters.com/pdf/why-people-vote.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What predicts how someone votes.
- Turnout — https://learnposters.com/p/turnout — https://learnposters.com/pdf/turnout.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Who votes, who does not, and why it matters.
- Drawing Districts — https://learnposters.com/p/districting-and-apportionment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/districting-and-apportionment.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How boundaries shape outcomes independently of votes.
- Campaign Effects — https://learnposters.com/p/campaigns-and-persuasion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/campaigns-and-persuasion.pdf — Well evidenced against Weakly evidenced, side by side. What campaigns actually change.
- Polling — https://learnposters.com/p/public-opinion-polling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/public-opinion-polling.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How polls work, and why they miss.
- What Representation Means — https://learnposters.com/p/representation-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/representation-types.pdf — A 5-row table: Model · The representative. Different things a representative can be doing.
- Referendums — https://learnposters.com/p/referendums — https://learnposters.com/pdf/referendums.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Direct votes on a question, and their design problems.
- Election Integrity — https://learnposters.com/p/election-integrity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/election-integrity.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What makes an election credible.
- Political Communication — https://learnposters.com/p/political-communication — https://learnposters.com/pdf/political-communication.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How political information reaches people, and what that does.
- Candidate Selection — https://learnposters.com/p/candidate-selection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/candidate-selection.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Who chooses the candidates, and why it matters.
- Forming a Government — https://learnposters.com/p/coalition-formation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/coalition-formation.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What happens when no party wins a majority.
- Participation Beyond Voting — https://learnposters.com/p/political-participation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/political-participation.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The other ways people act politically.
- Media & Elections — https://learnposters.com/p/media-and-elections — https://learnposters.com/pdf/media-and-elections.pdf — 7 entries in 2 groups. The role of news coverage in campaigns.

#### Political economy — Where politics and markets meet.

- Varieties of Capitalism — https://learnposters.com/p/varieties-of-capitalism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/varieties-of-capitalism.pdf — Liberal market economies against Coordinated market economies, side by side. Market economies are organised in systematically different ways.
- Welfare State Regimes — https://learnposters.com/p/welfare-state-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/welfare-state-types.pdf — A 3-row table: Regime · Basis of entitlement · Typical outcome. The main models of social provision.
- Distributive Politics — https://learnposters.com/p/who-gets-what — https://learnposters.com/pdf/who-gets-what.pdf — A 4-row table: Benefits · Costs · Politics. How political systems allocate benefits and costs.
- Corruption — https://learnposters.com/p/corruption — https://learnposters.com/pdf/corruption.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What sustains it, and what reduces it.
- Inequality & Political Power — https://learnposters.com/p/inequality-and-politics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inequality-and-politics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How economic inequality affects political influence.
- Populism — https://learnposters.com/p/populism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/populism.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What the term describes analytically, beyond its use as an insult.
- Resource Politics — https://learnposters.com/p/resource-politics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/resource-politics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How natural resource wealth affects governance.
- Central Bank Independence — https://learnposters.com/p/central-bank-independence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/central-bank-independence.pdf — The case for against The objections, side by side. Why monetary policy is often removed from elected control.
- The Politics of Trade — https://learnposters.com/p/trade-politics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/trade-politics.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Why trade policy rarely follows the economics.
- State & Market — https://learnposters.com/p/state-and-market — https://learnposters.com/pdf/state-and-market.pdf — Market failure against Government failure, side by side. The recurring argument about where the boundary sits.
- Organised Labour — https://learnposters.com/p/labour-and-politics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/labour-and-politics.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. How worker organisation shapes economic policy.
- Industrial Policy — https://learnposters.com/p/industrial-policy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/industrial-policy.pdf — The case for against The objections, side by side. Governments deliberately shaping the structure of the economy.
- Financialisation — https://learnposters.com/p/financialisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/financialisation.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The growing weight of finance in the economy and in politics.
- Public & Private Ownership — https://learnposters.com/p/public-ownership — https://learnposters.com/pdf/public-ownership.pdf — Public ownership suits against Private ownership suits, side by side. When ownership form matters for outcomes.

#### Research methods — Designing and testing political arguments.

- Asking a Researchable Question — https://learnposters.com/p/research-question-politics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/research-question-politics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Turning a political interest into something that can be investigated.
- Concepts & Measurement — https://learnposters.com/p/concepts-and-measurement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/concepts-and-measurement.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Turning abstract political concepts into things you can observe.
- Case Studies — https://learnposters.com/p/case-study-method — https://learnposters.com/pdf/case-study-method.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What a single case can and cannot establish.
- Qualitative Methods — https://learnposters.com/p/qualitative-politics-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/qualitative-politics-methods.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Interviews, documents and observation in political research.
- Quantitative Methods — https://learnposters.com/p/quantitative-politics-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/quantitative-politics-methods.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Using statistical evidence in political science.
- Experiments — https://learnposters.com/p/experiments-in-politics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/experiments-in-politics.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Randomisation in political research, and where it applies.
- Working With Political Data — https://learnposters.com/p/using-political-data — https://learnposters.com/pdf/using-political-data.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Where the data comes from, and what to check.
- Making an Argument — https://learnposters.com/p/writing-in-political-science — https://learnposters.com/pdf/writing-in-political-science.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Structuring a political science argument.
- Theory & Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/theory-and-evidence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/theory-and-evidence.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. How a theory relates to the data used to test it.
- Selecting Cases — https://learnposters.com/p/selection-bias-politics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/selection-bias-politics.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The design error that quietly invalidates many comparisons.
- Research Ethics — https://learnposters.com/p/ethics-in-political-research — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ethics-in-political-research.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Obligations to participants, especially in sensitive contexts.
- Reading a Study Critically — https://learnposters.com/p/reading-political-research — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reading-political-research.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Assessing a political science claim before accepting it.

### Sociology (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/sociology — The theories and the evidence about how societies hold together.

#### Theory — Marx, Weber, Durkheim and what came after.

- The Sociological Imagination — https://learnposters.com/p/sociological-imagination — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sociological-imagination.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Mills' move from private trouble to public issue, and why it frames the discipline.
- Marx: Materialism — https://learnposters.com/p/marx-historical-materialism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/marx-historical-materialism.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. The base-superstructure model, class conflict, and what follows.
- Weber: Social Action — https://learnposters.com/p/weber-social-action — https://learnposters.com/pdf/weber-social-action.pdf — A 4-row table: Type of action · Driven by · Example. The four ideal types of action, and why Weber starts from meaning.
- Durkheim: Solidarity — https://learnposters.com/p/durkheim-solidarity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/durkheim-solidarity.pdf — Mechanical against Organic, side by side. Mechanical and organic solidarity, and what holds a divided society together.
- Functionalism — https://learnposters.com/p/functionalism-parsons — https://learnposters.com/pdf/functionalism-parsons.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. How functionalists explain an institution by what it does for the wider system.
- Conflict Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/conflict-theory-soc — https://learnposters.com/pdf/conflict-theory-soc.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The family of approaches that read order as the outcome of unequal power.
- Symbolic Interactionism — https://learnposters.com/p/symbolic-interactionism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/symbolic-interactionism.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. Blumer's three premises and the concepts that build society out of encounters.
- Structure & Agency — https://learnposters.com/p/structure-and-agency — https://learnposters.com/pdf/structure-and-agency.pdf — Structure first against Agency first, side by side. The discipline's central argument, and the attempts to dissolve it.
- Feminist Sociologies — https://learnposters.com/p/soc-feminist-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/soc-feminist-theory.pdf — A 5-row table: Strand · Source of inequality · Remedy sought. The main strands, what each identifies as the source of gender inequality.
- The Frankfurt School — https://learnposters.com/p/critical-theory-frankfurt — https://learnposters.com/pdf/critical-theory-frankfurt.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Critical theory's turn from economics to culture, and Habermas after it.
- Bourdieu: Forms of Capital — https://learnposters.com/p/bourdieu-capital-forms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bourdieu-capital-forms.pdf — A 4-row table: Form · What it is · How it shows. Four convertible resources, plus habitus and field, and how advantage is passed on.
- Foucault: Power — https://learnposters.com/p/foucault-power-discipline — https://learnposters.com/pdf/foucault-power-discipline.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Power as productive and dispersed rather than held, and what discipline does.
- Postmodern Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/postmodern-social-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/postmodern-social-theory.pdf — Modern account against Postmodern account, side by side. The claim that the categories classical sociology relied on have come apart.
- Rational Choice & Its Limits — https://learnposters.com/p/rational-choice-sociology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rational-choice-sociology.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The action model borrowed from economics, and where it breaks.
- Three Lenses, One Fact — https://learnposters.com/p/theory-comparison-lenses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/theory-comparison-lenses.pdf — A 5-row table: Fact · Functionalist · Conflict. The same institution read functionally, critically and interactionally.

#### Research methods — Designing studies of people, ethically.

- Designing a Study — https://learnposters.com/p/soc-research-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/soc-research-design.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The order of decisions that turns a curiosity into a study you can defend.
- Positivism & Interpretivism — https://learnposters.com/p/positivism-vs-interpretivism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/positivism-vs-interpretivism.pdf — Positivist against Interpretivist, side by side. Two research traditions, and what each treats as good evidence.
- Sampling People — https://learnposters.com/p/soc-sampling-strategies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/soc-sampling-strategies.pdf — A 6-row table: Strategy · How drawn · Best for. The main strategies, what each supports, and where each quietly fails.
- Wording a Question — https://learnposters.com/p/survey-question-wording — https://learnposters.com/pdf/survey-question-wording.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Rules for questions that measure the respondent, not the researcher.
- Interview Formats — https://learnposters.com/p/soc-interview-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/soc-interview-methods.pdf — A 5-row table: Format · Control · Trade-off. Structured to unstructured, and what you trade at each step.
- Ethnography — https://learnposters.com/p/ethnography-fieldwork — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ethnography-fieldwork.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What sustained fieldwork can show that no survey reaches.
- Participant Observation — https://learnposters.com/p/participant-observation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/participant-observation.pdf — Overt against Covert, side by side. Overt against covert observation, and what each costs the researcher.
- Ethics in Fieldwork — https://learnposters.com/p/soc-research-ethics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/soc-research-ethics.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. The obligations that outlast the study, and where they conflict with each other.
- Coding Qualitative Data — https://learnposters.com/p/coding-qualitative-data — https://learnposters.com/pdf/coding-qualitative-data.pdf — 6 numbered steps. How transcripts become an argument you can show your working for.
- Operationalisation — https://learnposters.com/p/operationalisation-validity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/operationalisation-validity.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The move from concept to indicator, and the two ways it goes wrong.
- Reading Official Statistics — https://learnposters.com/p/official-statistics-caution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/official-statistics-caution.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. What administrative data is actually a record of, and how to use it anyway.
- Triangulation — https://learnposters.com/p/soc-triangulation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/soc-triangulation.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Combining methods, sources or researchers, and what agreement really shows.
- Reflexivity — https://learnposters.com/p/reflexivity-positionality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reflexivity-positionality.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Accounting for the researcher as part of the instrument, without making it the subject.
- Claiming a Cause — https://learnposters.com/p/causal-inference-sociology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/causal-inference-sociology.pdf — A 6-row table: Test · The question. What a correlation needs before it is allowed to become a causal claim.

#### Stratification & inequality — Class, race, gender and mobility.

- Measuring Inequality — https://learnposters.com/p/soc-inequality-measures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/soc-inequality-measures.pdf — A 5-row table: Measure · What it captures · Blind to. The standard measures, what each is sensitive to, and why they disagree.
- Class Schemes — https://learnposters.com/p/class-schemes-compared — https://learnposters.com/pdf/class-schemes-compared.pdf — A 5-row table: Scheme · Basis · Built to explain. How the main schemes cut the population, and what each is built to explain.
- Social Mobility — https://learnposters.com/p/social-mobility-sociology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/social-mobility-sociology.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Absolute and relative mobility, and why they can move in opposite directions.
- Class, Status, Party — https://learnposters.com/p/weberian-class-status-party — https://learnposters.com/pdf/weberian-class-status-party.pdf — A 3-row table: Dimension · Resource · Example of mismatch. Weber's three dimensions of stratification, and why one does not reduce to another.
- Cultural Capital at Work — https://learnposters.com/p/cultural-capital-inequality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cultural-capital-inequality.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The concrete ways cultural resources convert into institutional advantage.
- The Gender Pay Gap — https://learnposters.com/p/gender-pay-gap-sociology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gender-pay-gap-sociology.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What the headline gap measures, and the mechanisms proposed for it.
- Mechanisms of Racial Inequality — https://learnposters.com/p/racial-inequality-mechanisms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/racial-inequality-mechanisms.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. The distinct processes sociologists separate under one heading.
- Intersectionality — https://learnposters.com/p/intersectionality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/intersectionality.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Crenshaw's argument that categories combine rather than add.
- Defining Poverty — https://learnposters.com/p/poverty-definitions-soc — https://learnposters.com/pdf/poverty-definitions-soc.pdf — Absolute against Relative, side by side. Absolute against relative definitions, and what each implies for policy.
- Wealth & Income — https://learnposters.com/p/wealth-vs-income-inequality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/wealth-vs-income-inequality.pdf — Income against Wealth, side by side. Two very different distributions that are routinely reported as one thing.
- Occupational Segregation — https://learnposters.com/p/occupational-segregation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/occupational-segregation.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · Pattern · Typical evidence. Horizontal and vertical segregation, and how each is measured.
- Audit & Correspondence Tests — https://learnposters.com/p/discrimination-audit-studies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/discrimination-audit-studies.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The design that isolates discrimination from every other explanation.
- Three Welfare Regimes — https://learnposters.com/p/welfare-regimes-compared — https://learnposters.com/pdf/welfare-regimes-compared.pdf — A 3-row table: Regime · Logic · Effect on gaps. Esping-Andersen's typology and what each regime does to inequality.
- The Meritocracy Debate — https://learnposters.com/p/meritocracy-debate — https://learnposters.com/pdf/meritocracy-debate.pdf — The case for against The case against, side by side. The case for merit-based allocation, and the sociological case against it.
- The Social Gradient in Health — https://learnposters.com/p/health-inequalities-soc — https://learnposters.com/pdf/health-inequalities-soc.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why health tracks social position at every step, not just at the bottom.

#### Family & education — Institutions that reproduce society.

- Family Forms — https://learnposters.com/p/family-structures-change — https://learnposters.com/pdf/family-structures-change.pdf — A 6-row table: Form · Composition · Note. The forms households actually take, and what has changed in a century.
- What Families Do — https://learnposters.com/p/functions-of-the-family — https://learnposters.com/pdf/functions-of-the-family.pdf — Functionalist against Critical replies, side by side. The functionalist account of family functions, and the critical replies.
- Who Does the Housework — https://learnposters.com/p/domestic-division-labour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/domestic-division-labour.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What time-use evidence shows about unpaid work, and what it does not settle.
- Marriage & Divorce — https://learnposters.com/p/marriage-divorce-trends — https://learnposters.com/pdf/marriage-divorce-trends.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. The demographic changes, and the explanations offered for them.
- Childhood as a Construct — https://learnposters.com/p/childhood-social-construct — https://learnposters.com/pdf/childhood-social-construct.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Aries' claim that childhood is made by history, and the argument since.
- Agents of Socialisation — https://learnposters.com/p/soc-socialisation-agents — https://learnposters.com/pdf/soc-socialisation-agents.pdf — A 6-row table: Agent · Stage · Teaches mainly. Who teaches the norms, in what order, and how their messages conflict.
- What Is School For — https://learnposters.com/p/education-functions-debate — https://learnposters.com/pdf/education-functions-debate.pdf — Integrative view against Reproductive view, side by side. The competing answers, and what evidence would distinguish them.
- The Hidden Curriculum — https://learnposters.com/p/hidden-curriculum — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hidden-curriculum.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. What is taught by the organisation of school rather than by its syllabus.
- Cultural Reproduction — https://learnposters.com/p/cultural-reproduction-school — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cultural-reproduction-school.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The step-by-step mechanism by which advantage passes through a fair-looking school.
- Tracking & Setting — https://learnposters.com/p/school-tracking-effects — https://learnposters.com/pdf/school-tracking-effects.pdf — The case for against The evidence against, side by side. The case for grouping by attainment, and what the evidence on effects shows.
- Attainment Gaps — https://learnposters.com/p/education-attainment-gaps — https://learnposters.com/pdf/education-attainment-gaps.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. The explanations offered for group differences, sorted by where they locate the cause.
- Class & Child-Rearing — https://learnposters.com/p/parenting-class-differences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/parenting-class-differences.pdf — Concerted cultivation against Natural growth, side by side. Lareau's contrast between two child-rearing logics, and how far it generalises.
- Credentials & Screening — https://learnposters.com/p/credentialism-screening — https://learnposters.com/pdf/credentialism-screening.pdf — Human capital against Signalling and closure, side by side. Whether a degree builds ability or merely signals it, and why the answer matters.
- School Choice — https://learnposters.com/p/school-choice-debate — https://learnposters.com/pdf/school-choice-debate.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What choice systems do to sorting, and who is best placed to use them.

#### Crime & deviance — Norms, labelling and social control.

- Defining Deviance — https://learnposters.com/p/defining-deviance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/defining-deviance.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why deviance is a relation to a rule rather than a property of an act.
- Durkheim on Crime — https://learnposters.com/p/durkheim-anomie-crime — https://learnposters.com/pdf/durkheim-anomie-crime.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The counter-intuitive claim that crime is normal and even useful.
- Strain Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/merton-strain-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/merton-strain-theory.pdf — A 5-row table: Adaptation · Goals · Means. Merton's five adaptations to a gap between goals and available means.
- Labelling Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/labelling-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/labelling-theory.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The sequence by which a label becomes an identity and then a career.
- Social Control — https://learnposters.com/p/soc-social-control — https://learnposters.com/pdf/soc-social-control.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. The formal and informal mechanisms that hold conduct to a norm.
- Subcultural Theories — https://learnposters.com/p/subcultural-theories-crime — https://learnposters.com/pdf/subcultural-theories-crime.pdf — A 5-row table: Theory · Core claim · Adds. The main subcultural accounts, and what each adds to strain theory.
- Differential Association — https://learnposters.com/p/differential-association — https://learnposters.com/pdf/differential-association.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Sutherland's claim that criminal conduct is learned like any other conduct.
- Moral Panics — https://learnposters.com/p/moral-panics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/moral-panics.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Cohen's sequence, and how to tell a panic from a genuine problem.
- Broken Windows — https://learnposters.com/p/broken-windows-debate — https://learnposters.com/pdf/broken-windows-debate.pdf — The claim against The evidence, side by side. The disorder hypothesis, and evidence much weaker than its influence.
- The Dark Figure of Crime — https://learnposters.com/p/crime-statistics-dark-figure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/crime-statistics-dark-figure.pdf — A 4-row table: Source · Captures · Misses. The gap between offences committed and offences recorded, and how it is estimated.
- Gender & Offending — https://learnposters.com/p/soc-gender-and-crime — https://learnposters.com/pdf/soc-gender-and-crime.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. The most consistent pattern in criminology, and the explanations offered for it.
- Race & Criminal Justice — https://learnposters.com/p/race-and-criminal-justice-soc — https://learnposters.com/pdf/race-and-criminal-justice-soc.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. Where disproportionality appears, and what each stage can show.
- Restorative Justice — https://learnposters.com/p/restorative-justice-sociology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/restorative-justice-sociology.pdf — Retributive against Restorative, side by side. A justice model built on repair rather than punishment, and what trials show.
- White-Collar Crime — https://learnposters.com/p/white-collar-crime-soc — https://learnposters.com/pdf/white-collar-crime-soc.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The category Sutherland invented, and why it is under-counted.

#### Globalisation — Flows of people, capital and culture.

- What Globalisation Means — https://learnposters.com/p/defining-globalisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/defining-globalisation.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The four flows the term covers, and why they do not move together.
- Three Positions — https://learnposters.com/p/globalisation-perspectives — https://learnposters.com/pdf/globalisation-perspectives.pdf — A 3-row table: Position · Claim · On the state. Hyperglobalist, sceptic and transformationalist readings of the same evidence.
- Commodity Chains — https://learnposters.com/p/global-commodity-chains — https://learnposters.com/pdf/global-commodity-chains.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How value is distributed along a production chain that crosses many borders.
- Why People Move — https://learnposters.com/p/migration-drivers-soc — https://learnposters.com/pdf/migration-drivers-soc.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Beyond push and pull: the mechanisms that shape migration flows.
- Transnational Lives — https://learnposters.com/p/transnationalism-diaspora — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transnationalism-diaspora.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Migration as an ongoing tie to two places, not a single move.
- World-Systems Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/world-systems-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/world-systems-theory.pdf — A 3-row table: Zone · Produces · Position. Wallerstein's division of the world economy into three positions.
- Culture: Flat or Plural — https://learnposters.com/p/cultural-globalisation-debate — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cultural-globalisation-debate.pdf — Homogenisation against Hybridity, side by side. Homogenisation against hybridity, and what the evidence supports.
- McDonaldization — https://learnposters.com/p/mcdonaldization — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mcdonaldization.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Ritzer's four principles, and the irrationality he says they produce.
- Global Cities — https://learnposters.com/p/global-cities — https://learnposters.com/pdf/global-cities.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why command functions concentrate in a few cities as production disperses.
- Glocalisation — https://learnposters.com/p/glocalisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/glocalisation.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How a global form is reworked by every local setting it lands in.
- Global Inequality — https://learnposters.com/p/global-inequality-trends — https://learnposters.com/pdf/global-inequality-trends.pdf — A 4-row table: Concept · Compares · Rough trend. Three different questions the phrase covers, with three different answers.
- The Digital Divide — https://learnposters.com/p/digital-divide-global — https://learnposters.com/pdf/digital-divide-global.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Three levels of the divide, and why access alone does not close it.
- Does the State Still Matter — https://learnposters.com/p/nation-state-globalisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nation-state-globalisation.pdf — Constrained against Still central, side by side. The case that states are being hollowed out, and the case that they are not.
- Risk Society — https://learnposters.com/p/climate-and-global-risk — https://learnposters.com/pdf/climate-and-global-risk.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Beck: modern risks are manufactured, global and unevenly borne.

#### Urban sociology — Cities, community and space.

- The Chicago School — https://learnposters.com/p/chicago-school-ecology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chicago-school-ecology.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The first systematic urban sociology, its model, and where the model fails.
- Community Lost or Saved — https://learnposters.com/p/urban-community-loss — https://learnposters.com/pdf/urban-community-loss.pdf — A 3-row table: Position · Claim · Evidence cited. Three answers to whether cities destroy community, and the evidence.
- Gentrification — https://learnposters.com/p/gentrification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gentrification.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The standard sequence, and the two rival explanations of what drives it.
- Residential Segregation — https://learnposters.com/p/residential-segregation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/residential-segregation.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. How segregation is produced and measured: choice or constraint.
- Suburbanisation — https://learnposters.com/p/suburbanisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/suburbanisation.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What moved people outward, and what the pattern did to the city they left.
- The Right to the City — https://learnposters.com/p/right-to-the-city — https://learnposters.com/pdf/right-to-the-city.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Lefebvre: urban space is produced, and can therefore be claimed.
- Informal Settlements — https://learnposters.com/p/urban-informality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/urban-informality.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. How informal settlement works, and what upgrading policy assumes.
- Neighbourhood Effects — https://learnposters.com/p/neighbourhood-effects — https://learnposters.com/pdf/neighbourhood-effects.pdf — The claim against The difficulty, side by side. Whether a place itself changes outcomes, and why that is so hard to establish.
- Public Space — https://learnposters.com/p/public-space-sociology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/public-space-sociology.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. What makes a space public in practice, and how access is narrowed.
- Tenure & Housing — https://learnposters.com/p/housing-tenure-sociology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/housing-tenure-sociology.pdf — A 5-row table: Tenure · Security · Wealth effect. The main tenures, and what each does to security, wealth and mobility.
- Renewal & Displacement — https://learnposters.com/p/urban-renewal-displacement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/urban-renewal-displacement.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How a redevelopment scheme moves people, and the forms displacement takes.
- The Growth Machine — https://learnposters.com/p/city-growth-machine — https://learnposters.com/pdf/city-growth-machine.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Logan and Molotch on the coalition that treats a city as a growth engine.
- Megacities — https://learnposters.com/p/mega-cities-global-south — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mega-cities-global-south.pdf — A 6-row table: Feature · Pattern. Where urban growth is actually happening, and what that pattern implies.
- The Smart City — https://learnposters.com/p/smart-city-critique — https://learnposters.com/pdf/smart-city-critique.pdf — The promise against The questions, side by side. What sensor-led urban governance promises, and what sociologists ask of it.

### Psychology (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/psychology — The findings, effects and methods a psychology degree is built on.

#### Cognitive — Memory, attention, language and decision making.

- The Multi-Store Model — https://learnposters.com/p/memory-model — https://learnposters.com/pdf/memory-model.pdf — A 3-row table: Store · Capacity · Duration. Atkinson and Shiffrin's three stores, and the evidence for and against.
- Working Memory — https://learnposters.com/p/working-memory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/working-memory.pdf — A 4-row table: Component · Handles. Baddeley's model, and why it replaced a single short-term store.
- Forgetting — https://learnposters.com/p/forgetting-theories — https://learnposters.com/pdf/forgetting-theories.pdf — A 5-row table: Theory · Claims. The main explanations, and what distinguishes them.
- Levels of Processing — https://learnposters.com/p/levels-of-processing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/levels-of-processing.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why what you do with information beats how long you hold it.
- Attention — https://learnposters.com/p/attention-theories — https://learnposters.com/pdf/attention-theories.pdf — A 3-row table: Model · Filter sits · Problem. Where the filter sits, and the three models of selective attention.
- Dual Process Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/dual-process-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dual-process-theory.pdf — System 1 against System 2, side by side. Two systems of thinking, and what each is good and bad at.
- Heuristics — https://learnposters.com/p/heuristics-and-biases — https://learnposters.com/pdf/heuristics-and-biases.pdf — A 4-row table: Heuristic · Shortcut · Bias produced. The mental shortcuts and the systematic errors they produce.
- Problem Solving — https://learnposters.com/p/problem-solving — https://learnposters.com/pdf/problem-solving.pdf — A 7-row table: Concept · Means. How problems are represented and solved, and what blocks solutions.
- Language — https://learnposters.com/p/language-acquisition-psych — https://learnposters.com/pdf/language-acquisition-psych.pdf — Nativist — Chomsky against Learning & interactionist, side by side. The main theories of language acquisition, and the evidence for each.
- Gestalt Principles — https://learnposters.com/p/perception-gestalt — https://learnposters.com/pdf/perception-gestalt.pdf — A 7-row table: Principle · We group by. How the visual system groups elements into objects.
- Perception — https://learnposters.com/p/visual-perception-theories — https://learnposters.com/pdf/visual-perception-theories.pdf — Gibson — direct, bottom-up against Gregory — constructivist, top-down, side by side. Bottom-up against top-down, and why both are needed.
- Decision Making — https://learnposters.com/p/decision-making-psych — https://learnposters.com/pdf/decision-making-psych.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How people actually decide, against how normative theory says they should.
- Schemas — https://learnposters.com/p/schema-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/schema-theory.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Mental frameworks that organise knowledge and distort memory.
- Eyewitness Testimony — https://learnposters.com/p/eyewitness-testimony — https://learnposters.com/pdf/eyewitness-testimony.pdf — 11 entries in 3 groups. Why confident eyewitnesses are frequently wrong.
- Cognitive Load — https://learnposters.com/p/cognitive-load — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cognitive-load.pdf — A 3-row table: Load · Comes from · Do. Three kinds of load, and which one to reduce.

#### Developmental — How thinking and behaviour change with age.

- Piaget's Stages — https://learnposters.com/p/piaget-stages — https://learnposters.com/pdf/piaget-stages.pdf — A 4-row table: Stage · Age · Key limitation. Four stages of cognitive development, and what each one cannot yet do.
- Piaget's Mechanisms — https://learnposters.com/p/piaget-concepts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/piaget-concepts.pdf — A 5-row table: Concept · Means. How development happens, according to Piaget, between the stages.
- Vygotsky — https://learnposters.com/p/vygotsky — https://learnposters.com/pdf/vygotsky.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Development as social first, and the zone just beyond what a child can do.
- Attachment — https://learnposters.com/p/attachment-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/attachment-theory.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · On separation · On reunion. The attachment types, how they are measured, and what predicts them.
- Bowlby — https://learnposters.com/p/bowlby-attachment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bowlby-attachment.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Monotropy, the internal working model, and the critical period claim.
- Erikson's Stages — https://learnposters.com/p/erikson-stages — https://learnposters.com/pdf/erikson-stages.pdf — A 8-row table: Stage · Crisis · Virtue. Eight psychosocial crises across the whole lifespan.
- Moral Development — https://learnposters.com/p/kohlberg-moral — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kohlberg-moral.pdf — A 3-row table: Level · Stages · Reasoning based on. Kohlberg's six stages, and the critique that reshaped the field.
- Theory of Mind — https://learnposters.com/p/theory-of-mind — https://learnposters.com/pdf/theory-of-mind.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Understanding that others have beliefs different from your own.
- Language Milestones — https://learnposters.com/p/language-milestones — https://learnposters.com/pdf/language-milestones.pdf — A 7-row table: Stage · Age · Features. The typical sequence, and how much variation is normal.
- Adolescence — https://learnposters.com/p/adolescent-development — https://learnposters.com/pdf/adolescent-development.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What changes physically, cognitively and socially, and the timing mismatch.
- Cognitive Ageing — https://learnposters.com/p/ageing-cognition — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ageing-cognition.pdf — Declines against Preserved or improves, side by side. What declines with age, what does not, and what improves.
- Nature & Nurture — https://learnposters.com/p/nature-nurture — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nature-nurture.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What twin and adoption studies actually show.
- Parenting Styles — https://learnposters.com/p/parenting-styles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/parenting-styles.pdf — A 4-row table: Style · Demand / Respond · Associated with. Baumrind's dimensions, and the outcomes associated with each.
- Critical & Sensitive Periods — https://learnposters.com/p/critical-periods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/critical-periods.pdf — A 5-row table: Domain · Window · Evidence. When timing matters for development, and how much.

#### Social — Groups, attitudes, conformity and persuasion.

- Conformity — https://learnposters.com/p/conformity-studies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/conformity-studies.pdf — A 6-row table: Variation · Effect. Asch's line study, the variables that changed it, and why people conformed.
- Obedience — https://learnposters.com/p/obedience-milgram — https://learnposters.com/pdf/obedience-milgram.pdf — A 7-row table: Variation · Obedience. Milgram's findings, the variations, and the situational explanation.
- Types of Influence — https://learnposters.com/p/social-influence-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/social-influence-types.pdf — A 3-row table: Type · Motive · Lasts. Compliance, identification and internalisation — how deep each goes.
- Cognitive Dissonance — https://learnposters.com/p/cognitive-dissonance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cognitive-dissonance.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The discomfort of inconsistency, and the ways it gets resolved.
- Attribution — https://learnposters.com/p/attribution-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/attribution-theory.pdf — A 5-row table: Bias · What happens. How we explain behaviour, and the errors we make systematically.
- Prejudice — https://learnposters.com/p/prejudice-and-contact — https://learnposters.com/pdf/prejudice-and-contact.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How intergroup hostility forms, and the conditions under which contact reduces it.
- Social Identity Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/social-identity-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/social-identity-theory.pdf — 3 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Why merely being sorted into a group produces favouritism.
- The Bystander Effect — https://learnposters.com/p/bystander-effect — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bystander-effect.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Why more witnesses means less help, and the five steps that must all be passed.
- Group Decisions — https://learnposters.com/p/group-decision-making — https://learnposters.com/pdf/group-decision-making.pdf — Groupthink against Group polarisation, side by side. Groupthink and polarisation — two ways groups decide worse than individuals.
- Persuasion — https://learnposters.com/p/persuasion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/persuasion.pdf — Central route against Peripheral route, side by side. Two routes to attitude change, and which one lasts.
- Roles & Situations — https://learnposters.com/p/stanford-prison — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stanford-prison.pdf — The claim against The critique, side by side. The Stanford Prison Experiment, and the serious challenges to it.
- Social Facilitation — https://learnposters.com/p/social-facilitation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/social-facilitation.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why an audience improves simple tasks and worsens complex ones.
- Helping Behaviour — https://learnposters.com/p/altruism-and-helping — https://learnposters.com/pdf/altruism-and-helping.pdf — Empathy-altruism against Egoistic accounts, side by side. Why people help, and the debate about whether altruism is ever pure.
- Attitudes & Behaviour — https://learnposters.com/p/attitudes-and-behaviour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/attitudes-and-behaviour.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Why attitudes predict behaviour poorly, and what improves the prediction.

#### Biological — Brain, neurotransmitters and behaviour.

- The Neuron — https://learnposters.com/p/the-neuron — https://learnposters.com/pdf/the-neuron.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The parts of a neuron, and how a signal travels along one.
- Neurotransmitters — https://learnposters.com/p/neurotransmitters — https://learnposters.com/pdf/neurotransmitters.pdf — A 7-row table: Transmitter · Associated with. The main transmitters, what each is associated with, and the drugs that act on them.
- Brain Structures — https://learnposters.com/p/brain-structures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brain-structures.pdf — A 9-row table: Structure · Associated with. The structures a course names, and what each is associated with.
- Hemispheres — https://learnposters.com/p/lateralisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lateralisation.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What the split-brain studies showed, and what the popular version gets wrong.
- Divisions of the Nervous System — https://learnposters.com/p/nervous-system-divisions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nervous-system-divisions.pdf — A 6-row table: Division · Contains · Controls. The hierarchy of divisions, and which ones you control.
- The Stress Response — https://learnposters.com/p/endocrine-and-stress — https://learnposters.com/pdf/endocrine-and-stress.pdf — SAM — fast against HPA — slow, side by side. The two pathways, their timing, and what chronic activation does.
- Biological Rhythms — https://learnposters.com/p/biological-rhythms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/biological-rhythms.pdf — A 4-row table: Rhythm · Period · Example. Circadian, ultradian and infradian rhythms, and what entrains them.
- Sleep — https://learnposters.com/p/sleep-stages-psych — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sleep-stages-psych.pdf — A 4-row table: Stage · Share · Associated with. The architecture of a night, and what each stage is associated with.
- Neuroplasticity — https://learnposters.com/p/plasticity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/plasticity.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How the brain changes with experience, and the evidence for it.
- Brain Imaging — https://learnposters.com/p/brain-imaging — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brain-imaging.pdf — A 6-row table: Method · Measures · Resolution. The techniques, what each measures, and the trade-off between them.
- Evolutionary Explanations — https://learnposters.com/p/evolutionary-psychology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/evolutionary-psychology.pdf — Well supported against Contested, side by side. How evolutionary arguments in psychology work, and where they overreach.
- Behavioural Genetics — https://learnposters.com/p/genetics-and-behaviour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/genetics-and-behaviour.pdf — A 4-row table: Design · Compares · Isolates. What twin, family and adoption studies can and cannot show.
- Drug Action — https://learnposters.com/p/drugs-and-the-brain — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drugs-and-the-brain.pdf — A 5-row table: Action · Does · Example class. How psychoactive drugs act at the synapse, and the vocabulary.
- Localisation of Function — https://learnposters.com/p/localisation-vs-distributed — https://learnposters.com/pdf/localisation-vs-distributed.pdf — Localisation evidence against Distributed evidence, side by side. The evidence for localised functions, and the case for distributed networks.

#### Clinical & abnormal — Disorders, diagnosis and the main therapies.

- Defining Abnormality — https://learnposters.com/p/defining-abnormality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/defining-abnormality.pdf — A 4-row table: Definition · Problem. Four definitions, and what each one gets wrong.
- DSM & ICD — https://learnposters.com/p/classification-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classification-systems.pdf — The systems against The criticisms, side by side. The two classification systems, and the criticisms of both.
- Depression — https://learnposters.com/p/depression-overview — https://learnposters.com/pdf/depression-overview.pdf — A 5-row table: Element · Detail. The diagnostic features and the main explanatory models.
- Anxiety — https://learnposters.com/p/anxiety-disorders — https://learnposters.com/pdf/anxiety-disorders.pdf — A 6-row table: Presentation · Central feature. The main anxiety presentations, and the model that explains maintenance.
- Phobias — https://learnposters.com/p/phobias-explanation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/phobias-explanation.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The two-process model, and why exposure works.
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy — https://learnposters.com/p/cbt — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cbt.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The model, the techniques, and what the evidence supports.
- Therapies Compared — https://learnposters.com/p/therapeutic-approaches — https://learnposters.com/pdf/therapeutic-approaches.pdf — A 6-row table: Approach · Assumes the problem is · Method. The main modalities, and what each assumes the problem is.
- Biological Treatments — https://learnposters.com/p/biological-treatments — https://learnposters.com/pdf/biological-treatments.pdf — A 6-row table: Class · Used for · Acts on. The main classes and what they are used for.
- The Diathesis-Stress Model — https://learnposters.com/p/diathesis-stress — https://learnposters.com/pdf/diathesis-stress.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why the same event affects people differently.
- Psychosis — https://learnposters.com/p/psychosis-schizophrenia — https://learnposters.com/pdf/psychosis-schizophrenia.pdf — Positive symptoms against Negative symptoms, side by side. The symptom categories and the main explanations.
- Eating Disorders — https://learnposters.com/p/eating-disorders — https://learnposters.com/pdf/eating-disorders.pdf — A 4-row table: Presentation · Central feature. The main presentations and contributing factors.
- Addiction — https://learnposters.com/p/addiction-models — https://learnposters.com/pdf/addiction-models.pdf — A 5-row table: Model · Explains · Misses. The main models, and what each explains well.
- Resilience — https://learnposters.com/p/resilience-and-recovery — https://learnposters.com/pdf/resilience-and-recovery.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What predicts recovery, and what the evidence supports.
- Stigma — https://learnposters.com/p/stigma-and-help-seeking — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stigma-and-help-seeking.pdf — Kinds of stigma against What reduces it, side by side. Why people delay seeking help, and what reduces it.

#### Personality & individual differences — Traits, measurement and intelligence.

- The Big Five — https://learnposters.com/p/big-five — https://learnposters.com/pdf/big-five.pdf — A 5-row table: Trait · High scorers · Low scorers. The five-factor model, and why it is the consensus.
- Why MBTI Is Criticised — https://learnposters.com/p/mbti-critique — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mbti-critique.pdf — The claims against The problems, side by side. The most popular personality test, and why psychologists do not use it.
- Person or Situation — https://learnposters.com/p/trait-vs-situation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/trait-vs-situation.pdf — Situationist case against Trait case, side by side. The debate about whether traits predict behaviour at all.
- Freud's Model — https://learnposters.com/p/psychodynamic-personality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/psychodynamic-personality.pdf — A 3-row table: Part · Operates on · Wants. The structural model, the defences, and the evidential position.
- Defence Mechanisms — https://learnposters.com/p/defence-mechanisms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/defence-mechanisms.pdf — A 8-row table: Mechanism · Means. The ego's strategies for managing anxiety.
- Humanistic Approaches — https://learnposters.com/p/humanistic-personality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/humanistic-personality.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Rogers and Maslow, and the concepts that survived into practice.
- Intelligence — https://learnposters.com/p/intelligence-theories — https://learnposters.com/pdf/intelligence-theories.pdf — A 5-row table: Theory · Claims. The main models, from g to multiple intelligences.
- IQ Testing — https://learnposters.com/p/iq-testing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/iq-testing.pdf — A 6-row table: Score · Percentile · Population. What IQ tests measure, how they are scaled, and their limits.
- The Self — https://learnposters.com/p/self-esteem-and-self-concept — https://learnposters.com/pdf/self-esteem-and-self-concept.pdf — A 4-row table: Concept · Is · Predicts. Self-concept, self-esteem and self-efficacy — three different things.
- Motivation — https://learnposters.com/p/motivation-theories-psych — https://learnposters.com/pdf/motivation-theories-psych.pdf — A 6-row table: Theory · Claims. Drive, arousal and self-determination — three levels of explanation.
- Temperament — https://learnposters.com/p/temperament — https://learnposters.com/pdf/temperament.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Early-appearing individual differences, and how they relate to later personality.
- Psychometrics — https://learnposters.com/p/psychometrics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/psychometrics.pdf — A 7-row table: Property · Asks. What makes a test good, and the two properties every measure needs.
- Culture & Personality — https://learnposters.com/p/cultural-psychology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cultural-psychology.pdf — Independent self against Interdependent self, side by side. How culture shapes the self, and the WEIRD problem in the literature.
- Personality Disorders — https://learnposters.com/p/personality-disorders — https://learnposters.com/pdf/personality-disorders.pdf — A 3-row table: Cluster · Character · Includes. How they are classified, and the shift toward dimensions.

#### Methods & statistics — Designing studies and reading results.

- Experimental Design — https://learnposters.com/p/experimental-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/experimental-design.pdf — A 3-row table: Design · Strength · Weakness. The three designs, and the trade-off each makes.
- Variables — https://learnposters.com/p/variables — https://learnposters.com/pdf/variables.pdf — A 6-row table: Variable · Is. The types of variable, and what operationalisation means.
- Hypotheses — https://learnposters.com/p/hypotheses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hypotheses.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · States · Use when. Writing a testable hypothesis, and choosing between directional and not.
- Sampling — https://learnposters.com/p/sampling-psych — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sampling-psych.pdf — A 6-row table: Method · How · Bias. The sampling methods, and the bias each introduces.
- Reliability & Validity — https://learnposters.com/p/reliability-validity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reliability-validity.pdf — Reliability — consistency against Validity — accuracy, side by side. Consistency against accuracy, and the types of each.
- Controlling Variables — https://learnposters.com/p/extraneous-control — https://learnposters.com/pdf/extraneous-control.pdf — A 7-row table: Technique · Controls. The techniques for keeping an experiment interpretable.
- Research Methods — https://learnposters.com/p/research-methods-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/research-methods-types.pdf — A 8-row table: Method · Establishes · Trade-off. The main methods, and what each can and cannot establish.
- Descriptive Statistics — https://learnposters.com/p/descriptive-statistics-psych — https://learnposters.com/pdf/descriptive-statistics-psych.pdf — A 4-row table: Level · Example · Use. Choosing the right measure of central tendency and spread.
- The Normal Distribution — https://learnposters.com/p/normal-distribution-psych — https://learnposters.com/pdf/normal-distribution-psych.pdf — A 4-row table: Range · Contains. The curve, the empirical rule, and what skew means.
- Choosing a Test — https://learnposters.com/p/choosing-a-statistical-test — https://learnposters.com/pdf/choosing-a-statistical-test.pdf — A 5-row table: Level · Independent · Repeated. The decision table that selects an inferential test.
- Significance & Errors — https://learnposters.com/p/significance-and-errors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/significance-and-errors.pdf — A 2-row table: Null is true · Null is false. What p < 0.05 means, and the two kinds of mistake.
- Research Ethics — https://learnposters.com/p/ethics-in-psychology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ethics-in-psychology.pdf — A 7-row table: Principle · Requires. The principles a study must satisfy, and what each requires.
- Qualitative Methods — https://learnposters.com/p/qualitative-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/qualitative-methods.pdf — A 5-row table: Approach · Looks for. What qualitative research is for, and how it is analysed.
- The Replication Crisis — https://learnposters.com/p/replication-crisis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/replication-crisis.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. What was found, why it happened, and what has changed.
- Reading a Paper — https://learnposters.com/p/reading-a-paper — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reading-a-paper.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The order to read a journal article in, and what to check.

### Education (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/education — Learning theory, curriculum and the practice of teaching.

#### Learning theory — Behaviourism, constructivism and cognitive load.

- Behaviourism — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-behaviourism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-behaviourism.pdf — Classical — Pavlov against Operant — Skinner, side by side. Learning as a change in observable behaviour, shaped by what follows it.
- Reinforcement Schedules — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-reinforcement-schedules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-reinforcement-schedules.pdf — A 5-row table: Schedule · Pattern · Resists extinction. The four schedules, and why the unpredictable ones are hardest to break.
- Constructivism — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-constructivism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-constructivism.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Understanding is built out of what a learner already holds, not handed over.
- Scaffolding And The ZPD — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-zpd-and-scaffolding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-zpd-and-scaffolding.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The gap between what a learner can do alone and with help, and how to use it.
- Cognitive Load Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-cognitive-load — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-cognitive-load.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Working memory is small; long-term memory is not. Teach for the difference.
- The Worked Example Effect — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-worked-examples — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-worked-examples.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Novices learn more from studying full solutions than from solving problems.
- Retrieval Practice — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-retrieval-practice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-retrieval-practice.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Bringing something to mind strengthens it more than reading it again.
- The Spacing Effect — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-spacing-effect — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-spacing-effect.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The same study time spread over days beats the same time in one block.
- Interleaving — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-interleaving — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-interleaving.pdf — Blocked — AAA BBB CCC against Interleaved — ABC BCA CAB, side by side. Mixing problem types beats blocking them, if they are easily confused.
- Desirable Difficulties — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-desirable-difficulties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-desirable-difficulties.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Conditions that slow learning down while it happens and improve what survives.
- Learning Styles — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-learning-styles-myth — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-learning-styles-myth.pdf — The claim against The evidence, side by side. The visual-auditory-kinaesthetic claim, and why no trial supports it.
- Neuromyths — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-neuromyths — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-neuromyths.pdf — A 7-row table: Claim · Status. Brain claims that survive in staffrooms long after the research moved on.
- Growth Mindset — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-growth-mindset-evidence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-growth-mindset-evidence.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What the theory claims, and why large trials keep shrinking the effect.
- Prior Knowledge — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-prior-knowledge — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-prior-knowledge.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The strongest single predictor of what a learner will take from a lesson.
- Transfer — https://learnposters.com/p/lt-transfer-of-learning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lt-transfer-of-learning.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Why a skill learned in one setting so often fails to appear in another.

#### Curriculum & planning — Sequencing, objectives and backward design.

- Backward Design — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-backward-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-backward-design.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Start from the outcome, then the assessment, then the lessons.
- Writing Objectives — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-learning-objectives — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-learning-objectives.pdf — A 5-row table: Weak · Stronger. An objective names what a pupil will do, in words you could observe.
- Bloom's Taxonomy — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-blooms-taxonomy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-blooms-taxonomy.pdf — A 6-row table: Level · The pupil can. The six revised levels, and the caveat the pyramid picture hides.
- The Spiral Curriculum — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-spiral — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-spiral.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Returning to the same big ideas at rising difficulty, never just once.
- Sequencing — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-sequencing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-sequencing.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Order is part of the content, because each idea depends on earlier ones.
- Knowledge Or Skills — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-knowledge-vs-skills — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-knowledge-vs-skills.pdf — Knowledge-led against Skills-led, side by side. The long argument about what a curriculum is made of, stated fairly.
- Threshold Concepts — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-threshold-concepts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-threshold-concepts.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The few ideas in a subject that change how everything after them looks.
- Progression Models — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-progression-model — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-progression-model.pdf — 5 numbered steps. What getting better at a subject looks like, beyond just harder tasks.
- Three Curricula — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-intended-enacted-learned — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-intended-enacted-learned.pdf — A 4-row table: Curriculum · Where it lives · How to see it. The curriculum on paper, the one taught, and the one pupils end up with.
- The Hidden Curriculum — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-hidden — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-hidden.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What a school teaches through its routines, norms and silences.
- Curriculum Mapping — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-mapping — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-mapping.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Laying out what is taught and when, so gaps and repeats become visible.
- Anatomy Of A Lesson — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-lesson-plan — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-lesson-plan.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. Which parts of a lesson carry the learning, and which are administration.
- Subjects Or Themes — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-integrated-vs-subject — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-integrated-vs-subject.pdf — Subject-based against Integrated or thematic, side by side. Whether to organise a curriculum by discipline or by cross-cutting theme.
- Judging A Resource — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-resource-evaluation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-resource-evaluation.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. A short test for a textbook or worksheet before it reaches thirty pupils.
- Cultural Capital — https://learnposters.com/p/curriculum-cultural-capital — https://learnposters.com/pdf/curriculum-cultural-capital.pdf — Bourdieu's concept against The policy usage, side by side. Bourdieu's concept, and what happens to it when it becomes a curriculum policy term.

#### Assessment — Formative, summative, validity and feedback.

- Formative Or Summative — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-formative-summative — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-formative-summative.pdf — Formative against Summative, side by side. The difference is not the test, but what happens to the result afterwards.
- Validity — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-validity-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-validity-types.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · The question it asks. Whether a test measures what it claims, and supports your inference.
- Reliability — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-reliability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-reliability.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Whether the same pupil would get the same result on another day, paper or marker.
- Feedback That Works — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-feedback — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-feedback.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Most feedback changes nothing. What separates the rest is known.
- Rubrics — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-rubrics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-rubrics.pdf — Analytic rubric against Holistic rubric, side by side. What a rubric does for consistency, and how it quietly narrows the work.
- Writing Multiple Choice — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-multiple-choice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-multiple-choice.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. A well-built multiple-choice item can test understanding. Most are built badly.
- Norm Or Criterion — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-norm-vs-criterion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-norm-vs-criterion.pdf — Norm-referenced against Criterion-referenced, side by side. Whether a result reports how a pupil compares or what they can do.
- Marking Reliability — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-marker-reliability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-marker-reliability.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. How much of a mark comes from the work and how much from the marker.
- Blueprinting A Test — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-blueprint — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-blueprint.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Deciding what a test covers, and in what proportion, before writing it.
- Hinge Questions — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-hinge-questions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-hinge-questions.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. A single question that tells you, in under a minute, whether to move on.
- Peer And Self Assessment — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-peer-and-self — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-peer-and-self.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What pupils can judge reliably, what they cannot, and how to set it up.
- Comparative Judgement — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-comparative-judgement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-comparative-judgement.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Marking by picking the better of two scripts, rather than against a rubric.
- Reading A Test Score — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-score-interpretation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-score-interpretation.pdf — A 5-row table: The claim · What it requires. What a test score can support, and the inferences it cannot carry.
- When The Test Becomes The Goal — https://learnposters.com/p/assessment-teaching-to-the-test — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assessment-teaching-to-the-test.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What happens to a measure once decisions are attached to it.

#### Classroom practice — Behaviour, questioning and explanation.

- Routines — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-routines — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-routines.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The repeated procedures that make a room predictable and free attention.
- Questioning — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-questioning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-questioning.pdf — A 6-row table: Technique · What it fixes. Making questions tell you what the class knows, not the volunteers.
- Explaining Well — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-explanation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-explanation.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The features that separate an explanation pupils follow from one they merely hear.
- Checking Understanding — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-checking-understanding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-checking-understanding.pdf — Weak checks against Real checks, side by side. Finding out what a class actually knows before spending the rest of the lesson on it.
- Modelling — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-modelling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-modelling.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Showing the process, including the thinking, rather than only the finished product.
- Cutting Load In A Lesson — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-cognitive-load — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-cognitive-load.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Practical changes that free up working memory for the idea being taught.
- A Behaviour System — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-behaviour-plan — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-behaviour-plan.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What makes a classroom behaviour system work, and the part most systems get wrong.
- Transitions — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-transitions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-transitions.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The joins between activities, where most lost lesson time actually goes.
- Group Work — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-group-work — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-group-work.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The conditions under which collaboration helps, and the default under which it does not.
- Instruction Or Discovery — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-direct-vs-discovery — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-direct-vs-discovery.pdf — Guided instruction against Discovery or enquiry, side by side. The long argument over how much guidance to give, and where it landed.
- Homework — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-homework — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-homework.pdf — A 4-row table: Age · Evidence · Best use. What homework is for, and the age below which the evidence thins out.
- Teacher Expectations — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-teacher-expectations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-teacher-expectations.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The Pygmalion finding, what replication did to it, and what still stands.
- Room Layout — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-layout — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-layout.pdf — A 4-row table: Layout · Suits · Costs. What seating arrangements actually change, and how little of it is attainment.
- Designing Practice — https://learnposters.com/p/classroom-practice-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classroom-practice-design.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How much practice, of what kind, and when it should stop being identical.

#### Inclusive education — SEND, differentiation and access.

- Areas Of Need — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-areas-of-need — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-areas-of-need.pdf — A 4-row table: Area · Includes. The four broad categories used to organise special educational needs, and their limits.
- Adaptive Teaching — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-adaptive-teaching — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-adaptive-teaching.pdf — Old differentiation against Adaptive teaching, side by side. Adjusting to what pupils show, rather than pre-sorting them by task.
- Universal Design For Learning — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-udl — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-udl.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Designing a lesson so fewer individual adjustments are needed later.
- Dyslexia — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-dyslexia — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-dyslexia.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What the term describes, what the evidence supports, and what it does not.
- ADHD In The Classroom — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-adhd — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-adhd.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Classroom adjustments for pupils with attention and regulation needs.
- Autistic Pupils — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-autism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-autism.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Adjustments that reduce avoidable barriers, and the assumptions worth dropping first.
- Language Needs — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-speech-and-language — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-speech-and-language.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Spoken language difficulties are common, easily missed, and often read as behaviour.
- English As An Additional Language — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-eal — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-eal.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Learning the language of instruction while learning everything taught in it.
- Assess, Plan, Do, Review — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-graduated-approach — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-graduated-approach.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The cycle for meeting additional needs before any diagnosis arrives.
- Deploying Support Staff — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-teaching-assistants — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-teaching-assistants.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The finding that surprised schools, and what changed as a result.
- Accessible Materials — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-accessible-materials — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-accessible-materials.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Design choices that remove barriers for some pupils and cost nothing for the rest.
- Access Arrangements — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-access-arrangements — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-access-arrangements.pdf — A 5-row table: Arrangement · Removes. Adjustments to how an assessment is taken, so it measures the intended thing.
- The Disadvantage Gap — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-disadvantage-gap — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-disadvantage-gap.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The gap linked to socio-economic disadvantage, and what schools affect.
- Trauma-Informed Practice — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusive-trauma-informed — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusive-trauma-informed.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What the approach proposes, and why its evidence base is thinner than its popularity.

#### Educational technology — What technology adds, and what it does not.

- What Technology Adds — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-what-technology-adds — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-what-technology-adds.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The question to ask of any tool: what does this do that the analogue version cannot?
- Digital Natives — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-digital-natives-myth — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-digital-natives-myth.pdf — The claim against The evidence, side by side. The claim that pupils raised on screens learn differently, and why it fails.
- Multimedia Principles — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-multimedia-principles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-multimedia-principles.pdf — A 7-row table: Principle · Do this. Mayer's rules for combining words and pictures, and which matter most.
- Handwriting Or Typing — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-notes-by-hand — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-notes-by-hand.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. A famous note-taking finding, a failed replication, and what can still be said.
- Phones In The Classroom — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-phones-in-class — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-phones-in-class.pdf — Reasonably established against Contested or weak, side by side. What is established about phones and attention, and what is contested.
- Adaptive Software — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-adaptive-software — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-adaptive-software.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Software that adjusts difficulty to a pupil, and where it actually works.
- Instructional Video — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-video-lessons — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-video-lessons.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What makes a teaching video work, and where attention reliably drops.
- Flipped Learning — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-flipped-classroom — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-flipped-classroom.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Content at home, practice in class. What the evidence supports and what it depends on.
- Gamification — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-gamification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-gamification.pdf — What it can do against What it does not do, side by side. Points, badges and leaderboards, and what happens to them after the novelty ends.
- Generative AI In Teaching — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-ai-tutors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-ai-tutors.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Where language models help a teacher, and where their errors cost most.
- Remote Learning — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-remote-learning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-remote-learning.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What the large-scale natural experiment of school closures showed.
- Quizzing Tools — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-retrieval-tools — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-retrieval-tools.pdf — What the tool adds against What to watch for, side by side. The one place technology beats paper: low-stakes retrieval at scale.
- Pupil Data — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-pupil-data — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-pupil-data.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Principles for handling pupil information when the tool lives on someone else's server.
- Judging An Edtech Claim — https://learnposters.com/p/edtech-evaluating-a-product — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edtech-evaluating-a-product.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Reading a supplier's evidence page without being sold by its design.

#### Policy & systems — How school systems are organised and governed.

- How A School System Works — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-how-systems-are-organised — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-how-systems-are-organised.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The layers between a national government and a single classroom.
- Accountability — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-accountability-and-inspection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-accountability-and-inspection.pdf — A 6-row table: Mechanism · Produces. How systems check school quality, and the behaviour each one produces.
- League Tables — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-league-tables — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-league-tables.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What a published ranking of schools can and cannot tell a reader.
- School Funding — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-school-funding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-school-funding.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. How money reaches a school, and the choices hidden in the formula.
- School Choice — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-school-choice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-school-choice.pdf — The case for against The case against, side by side. The argument that competition improves schools, and what the evidence shows.
- Selection And Setting — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-selection-debate — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-selection-debate.pdf — Between schools against Within schools, side by side. Separating pupils by attainment, between schools or within them.
- Class Size — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-class-size — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-class-size.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The most studied question in education, and one of the most disappointing.
- Teacher Supply — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-teacher-supply — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-teacher-supply.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Why systems run short of teachers, and which levers actually shift the number.
- Professional Development — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-teacher-development — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-teacher-development.pdf — Changes practice against Changes nothing, side by side. What separates training that changes practice from training that does not.
- Reading PISA — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-pisa — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-pisa.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What international assessments measure, and the inferences they cannot support.
- Reading An Effect Size — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-effect-sizes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-effect-sizes.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How to interpret the number that decides which interventions get funded.
- What Counts As Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-evidence-hierarchy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-evidence-hierarchy.pdf — A 6-row table: Design · Answers · Weakness. The strength of different study designs, and why education has a replication problem.
- Early Years Policy — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-early-years — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-early-years.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why early provision attracts policy attention, and what the evidence says.
- Who Decides The Curriculum — https://learnposters.com/p/edpol-curriculum-control — https://learnposters.com/pdf/edpol-curriculum-control.pdf — National control against Local or school control, side by side. The trade-off between a common national curriculum and local control.

### Communications & Media (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/communications — Media theory, journalism practice and the craft of persuasion.

#### Media theory — Effects, framing, agenda-setting and audiences.

- How Effects Research Moved — https://learnposters.com/p/media-effects-history — https://learnposters.com/pdf/media-effects-history.pdf — 4 numbered steps. A century of asking what media do to people, and what survived the asking.
- Agenda-Setting — https://learnposters.com/p/agenda-setting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/agenda-setting.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Media rarely say what to think; they shape what you think about.
- Framing the News — https://learnposters.com/p/media-framing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/media-framing.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Selecting some aspects of reality and making them more salient in a text.
- Priming — https://learnposters.com/p/media-priming — https://learnposters.com/pdf/media-priming.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Coverage changes the yardstick people judge leaders and institutions by.
- Cultivation — https://learnposters.com/p/cultivation-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cultivation-theory.pdf — The claim against The criticism, side by side. Heavy viewing, over years, nudges beliefs toward television's world.
- Uses & Gratifications — https://learnposters.com/p/uses-and-gratifications — https://learnposters.com/pdf/uses-and-gratifications.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Not what media do to people, but what people do with media.
- Two-Step Flow — https://learnposters.com/p/two-step-flow — https://learnposters.com/pdf/two-step-flow.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Media reach opinion leaders, and opinion leaders reach everyone else.
- Spiral of Silence — https://learnposters.com/p/spiral-of-silence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spiral-of-silence.pdf — 5 numbered steps. People who believe their view is losing tend to stop voicing it.
- Encoding & Decoding — https://learnposters.com/p/encoding-decoding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/encoding-decoding.pdf — 6 entries in 3 groups. A message is made with one meaning and read with the reader's own.
- Gatekeeping — https://learnposters.com/p/gatekeeping-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gatekeeping-theory.pdf — A 5-row table: Level · What decides. Every stage between an event and an audience discards more than it passes.
- Moral Panic — https://learnposters.com/p/moral-panic — https://learnposters.com/pdf/moral-panic.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Concern out of all proportion to the threat that provoked it.
- Who Owns the Media — https://learnposters.com/p/media-political-economy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/media-political-economy.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Ownership, funding and market structure shape output before editors do.
- The Public Sphere — https://learnposters.com/p/public-sphere — https://learnposters.com/pdf/public-sphere.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Where private people reason together about common concerns.
- Representation — https://learnposters.com/p/media-representation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/media-representation.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Who appears, in what roles, and who does the deciding.
- Signs & Meaning — https://learnposters.com/p/media-semiotics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/media-semiotics.pdf — A 6-row table: Term · Means. Reading an image the way you would read a sentence.

#### Journalism — Sourcing, structure, verification and ethics.

- What Makes News — https://learnposters.com/p/news-values — https://learnposters.com/pdf/news-values.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The criteria that decide which events become stories.
- The Inverted Pyramid — https://learnposters.com/p/inverted-pyramid — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inverted-pyramid.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Most important first, then descending, so any cut from the bottom still works.
- Writing the Lead — https://learnposters.com/p/news-lead-writing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/news-lead-writing.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. One sentence that carries the news and earns the second sentence.
- Headlines — https://learnposters.com/p/headline-writing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/headline-writing.pdf — Rules against Traps, side by side. The part everyone reads, and often the only part.
- Sourcing — https://learnposters.com/p/news-sourcing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/news-sourcing.pdf — A 6-row table: Source · Weight. Where information comes from, and how much weight each kind can carry.
- On, Off & Background — https://learnposters.com/p/source-attribution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/source-attribution.pdf — A 4-row table: Term · You may publish. The terms under which information is given, and what each one permits.
- Verification — https://learnposters.com/p/journalism-verification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/journalism-verification.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The discipline separating journalism from everything else circulating.
- The Interview — https://learnposters.com/p/news-interviewing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/news-interviewing.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Structure that gets past prepared lines to something new.
- Beat Reporting — https://learnposters.com/p/beat-reporting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/beat-reporting.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Covering one area long enough to notice what is missing.
- Investigative Method — https://learnposters.com/p/investigative-method — https://learnposters.com/pdf/investigative-method.pdf — 6 numbered steps. A hypothesis, tested against documents, that you are willing to lose.
- Data Journalism — https://learnposters.com/p/data-journalism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/data-journalism.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Finding the story in a dataset without inventing one.
- Objectivity & False Balance — https://learnposters.com/p/objectivity-and-balance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/objectivity-and-balance.pdf — Objectivity as method against Balance as ritual, side by side. Method, not neutrality: balance between claims is not the same as accuracy about them.
- Features & Long Form — https://learnposters.com/p/feature-writing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/feature-writing.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Structures for stories that people choose to read rather than need to.
- How a Story Gets Published — https://learnposters.com/p/newsroom-workflow — https://learnposters.com/pdf/newsroom-workflow.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The path from idea to publication, and where things stop.
- Corrections — https://learnposters.com/p/corrections-policy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/corrections-policy.pdf — Do against Avoid, side by side. How an outlet handles being wrong is what its accuracy claim rests on.

#### Public relations — Reputation, crisis and stakeholder communication.

- What PR Actually Does — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-what-it-is — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-what-it-is.pdf — What it can do against What it cannot do, side by side. Managing relationships with the publics who can affect an organisation.
- Mapping Your Publics — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-stakeholder-mapping — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-stakeholder-mapping.pdf — A 4-row table: Position · Approach. Sorting publics by the power they hold and the interest they take.
- The Message House — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-key-messages — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-key-messages.pdf — 5 numbered steps. One roof message, three supporting pillars, evidence under each.
- The Press Release — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-press-release — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-press-release.pdf — Include against Avoid, side by side. A news story written for someone who will not read past line two.
- Working With Journalists — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-media-relations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-media-relations.pdf — Builds standing against Destroys it, side by side. A working relationship built on being useful and being accurate.
- Media Training — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-media-training — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-media-training.pdf — Practise against Never, side by side. Making a spokesperson clear under pressure without sounding trained.
- Issues Management — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-issues-management — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-issues-management.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Handling the slow-burning problem before it becomes the fast one.
- Crisis Response — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-crisis-response — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-crisis-response.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The first hours, when the facts are thin and silence is read as guilt.
- The Holding Statement — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-crisis-statement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-crisis-statement.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What you can say truthfully in the first thirty minutes.
- Apologising Well — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-apology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-apology.pdf — A real apology against A non-apology, side by side. The difference between an apology and regret that people were upset.
- Reputation — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-reputation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-reputation.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. What people have experienced and heard — held by them, not by you.
- Internal Communication — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-internal-communication — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-internal-communication.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Staff are a public, and the one most likely to be quoted.
- Measuring PR — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-measurement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-measurement.pdf — A 5-row table: Measure · Tells you. Counting outcomes rather than clippings.
- PR Ethics & Disclosure — https://learnposters.com/p/pr-ethics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pr-ethics.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The line between advocacy and deception, and where it gets crossed.

#### Rhetoric & argument — Appeals, structure and fallacies.

- Ethos, Pathos, Logos — https://learnposters.com/p/ethos-pathos-logos — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ethos-pathos-logos.pdf — A 3-row table: Appeal · Rests on · Fails when. The three appeals every persuasive text uses, usually all at once.
- The Rhetorical Situation — https://learnposters.com/p/rhetorical-situation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rhetorical-situation.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. No text persuades in the abstract. Every one answers a particular occasion.
- The Five Canons — https://learnposters.com/p/canons-of-rhetoric — https://learnposters.com/pdf/canons-of-rhetoric.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The classical production process for a persuasive speech.
- Stasis Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/stasis-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stasis-theory.pdf — A 4-row table: Stasis · The question. Finding the actual point at issue before arguing about the wrong one.
- The Toulmin Model — https://learnposters.com/p/toulmin-model — https://learnposters.com/pdf/toulmin-model.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The parts of a real argument, including the assumption nobody states.
- Kinds of Claim — https://learnposters.com/p/argument-claims — https://learnposters.com/pdf/argument-claims.pdf — A 5-row table: Claim · Needs. What you are asserting decides what evidence could support it.
- The Enthymeme — https://learnposters.com/p/enthymeme — https://learnposters.com/pdf/enthymeme.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The argument with its premise left out, because the audience already supplies it.
- Deduction & Induction — https://learnposters.com/p/deduction-and-induction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/deduction-and-induction.pdf — Deductive against Inductive, side by side. Two ways reasons support conclusions, with different standards of success.
- Fallacies of Relevance — https://learnposters.com/p/rhetoric-fallacies-relevance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rhetoric-fallacies-relevance.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Moves that change the subject while appearing to answer it.
- Fallacies of Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/rhetoric-fallacies-evidence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rhetoric-fallacies-evidence.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Reasoning that fails on structure or sampling rather than relevance.
- Refutation & Concession — https://learnposters.com/p/refutation-and-concession — https://learnposters.com/pdf/refutation-and-concession.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Answering the other side without pretending it has nothing.
- Figures of Speech — https://learnposters.com/p/rhetorical-figures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rhetorical-figures.pdf — A 6-row table: Figure · Pattern. Patterns of arrangement and sound that make a line memorable.
- Structuring a Speech — https://learnposters.com/p/speech-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/speech-structure.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The classical arrangement, still the most reliable shape for spoken argument.
- Delivery — https://learnposters.com/p/rhetoric-delivery — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rhetoric-delivery.pdf — Control against Drop, side by side. The canon that decides whether the other four reach anybody.

#### Production — Shooting, editing, sound and story.

- Shot Sizes — https://learnposters.com/p/shot-sizes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/shot-sizes.pdf — A 6-row table: Shot · Frame holds · Use. The standard ladder of framings, and what each one is for.
- Angles & Height — https://learnposters.com/p/camera-angles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/camera-angles.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Where the camera sits changes what the audience concludes.
- Framing a Shot — https://learnposters.com/p/shot-composition — https://learnposters.com/pdf/shot-composition.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Where to put the subject inside the rectangle.
- The 180-Degree Rule — https://learnposters.com/p/axis-of-action — https://learnposters.com/pdf/axis-of-action.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Keep the camera on one side of the line so screen direction stays consistent.
- Continuity Editing — https://learnposters.com/p/continuity-editing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/continuity-editing.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The invisible system that makes a sequence of shots read as one event.
- Cutting on Action — https://learnposters.com/p/cutting-on-action — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cutting-on-action.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Hide the cut inside a movement the eye is already following.
- Three-Point Lighting — https://learnposters.com/p/three-point-lighting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/three-point-lighting.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Key, fill and back: the interview setup that works in almost any room.
- Exposure — https://learnposters.com/p/exposure-triangle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/exposure-triangle.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Three controls set brightness, and each one costs you something else.
- Recording Levels — https://learnposters.com/p/audio-levels — https://learnposters.com/pdf/audio-levels.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Sound is half the picture, and the half an audience will not forgive.
- Choosing a Microphone — https://learnposters.com/p/microphone-choice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/microphone-choice.pdf — A 5-row table: Mic · Best for. Pattern and placement matter more than the price of the microphone.
- Coverage — https://learnposters.com/p/coverage-and-shot-list — https://learnposters.com/pdf/coverage-and-shot-list.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Shooting enough different material that the scene can actually be cut.
- Structuring a Film Story — https://learnposters.com/p/screen-story-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/screen-story-structure.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Shape for factual and short-form work, where material has to be found.
- Setting Up an Interview — https://learnposters.com/p/interview-setup — https://learnposters.com/pdf/interview-setup.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The physical arrangement that makes a talking head watchable.
- Post-Production Workflow — https://learnposters.com/p/post-production-workflow — https://learnposters.com/pdf/post-production-workflow.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The order that stops an edit collapsing in its final week.

#### Digital & platforms — Algorithms, metrics and attention.

- How a Feed Ranks — https://learnposters.com/p/how-feeds-rank — https://learnposters.com/pdf/how-feeds-rank.pdf — 5 numbered steps. A ranking system predicting what will hold you, not what you asked for.
- Engagement Metrics — https://learnposters.com/p/engagement-metrics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/engagement-metrics.pdf — A 5-row table: Metric · Counts · Blind to. What each number counts, and what it cannot tell you.
- The Attention Economy — https://learnposters.com/p/attention-economy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/attention-economy.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. When content is abundant, attention is the scarce thing being sold.
- Filter Bubbles & Echo Chambers — https://learnposters.com/p/filter-bubbles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/filter-bubbles.pdf — The popular claim against What research finds, side by side. A popular claim about isolation that the evidence only partly supports.
- Why Things Spread — https://learnposters.com/p/virality-mechanics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/virality-mechanics.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The properties shared by content that travels, and the survivorship trap.
- Content Moderation — https://learnposters.com/p/platform-moderation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/platform-moderation.pdf — Over-removal against Under-removal, side by side. Rules, scale and the two kinds of error you must trade off.
- The Creator Economy — https://learnposters.com/p/creator-economy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/creator-economy.pdf — A 5-row table: Revenue source · Main risk. Independent publishing at scale, and the economics underneath it.
- Search & Discovery for News — https://learnposters.com/p/seo-for-news — https://learnposters.com/pdf/seo-for-news.pdf — Helps against Damages trust, side by side. Being findable without writing for machines instead of readers.
- Network Effects — https://learnposters.com/p/platform-network-effects — https://learnposters.com/pdf/platform-network-effects.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Why value rises with users, and why that produces very few winners.
- Dark Patterns — https://learnposters.com/p/dark-patterns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dark-patterns.pdf — Patterns against Honest design, side by side. Interface choices that win consent no one would give knowingly.
- Feedback Loops — https://learnposters.com/p/recommender-feedback-loops — https://learnposters.com/pdf/recommender-feedback-loops.pdf — 5 numbered steps. A system trained on its own output stops measuring what it set out to.
- Reading Analytics — https://learnposters.com/p/audience-analytics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/audience-analytics.pdf — Do against Beware, side by side. Getting a decision out of a dashboard rather than a mood.
- How Platforms Make Money — https://learnposters.com/p/platform-business-models — https://learnposters.com/pdf/platform-business-models.pdf — A 5-row table: Model · Pressure it creates. Four models, each producing a different set of design pressures.
- Synthetic Media — https://learnposters.com/p/synthetic-media — https://learnposters.com/pdf/synthetic-media.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Generated images, audio and video, and what they change about evidence.

#### Media law & ethics — Defamation, privacy and public interest.

- Frameworks for a Hard Call — https://learnposters.com/p/media-ethics-frameworks — https://learnposters.com/pdf/media-ethics-frameworks.pdf — A 5-row table: Framework · Asks. Three ways of reasoning about a decision, and what each one asks first.
- The Public Interest Test — https://learnposters.com/p/media-public-interest — https://learnposters.com/pdf/media-public-interest.pdf — Usually in the public interest against Merely interesting to the public, side by side. The justification that can outweigh privacy or intrusion, and what it is not.
- Defamation & Publication — https://learnposters.com/p/media-defamation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/media-defamation.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What a claimant generally has to establish, in broad outline.
- Defences in Outline — https://learnposters.com/p/defamation-defences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/defamation-defences.pdf — A 5-row table: Defence · Needs. The broad families of defence, and what each demands of your evidence.
- Privacy & Publication — https://learnposters.com/p/media-privacy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/media-privacy.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Whether there was a reasonable expectation of privacy, and whether it is outweighed.
- Minimising Harm — https://learnposters.com/p/media-harm-minimisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/media-harm-minimisation.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Publishing what matters while doing the least damage compatible with that.
- Protecting Sources — https://learnposters.com/p/source-protection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/source-protection.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. A promise of confidentiality is close to absolute, and hard to keep in practice.
- Conflicts of Interest — https://learnposters.com/p/conflicts-of-interest-media — https://learnposters.com/pdf/conflicts-of-interest-media.pdf — A 5-row table: Conflict · Response. Interests that could be thought to affect judgement — disclose or avoid.
- Plagiarism & Credit — https://learnposters.com/p/plagiarism-and-attribution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/plagiarism-and-attribution.pdf — Always against Never, side by side. Using other people's work honestly, in an industry built on aggregation.
- Copyright in Practice — https://learnposters.com/p/media-copyright — https://learnposters.com/pdf/media-copyright.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What you may use, from whom, and on what terms.
- Reporting Trauma — https://learnposters.com/p/reporting-trauma — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reporting-trauma.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Covering death, violence and disaster without adding to the harm.
- Reporting Courts — https://learnposters.com/p/contempt-and-court-reporting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/contempt-and-court-reporting.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Why active proceedings restrict what may be published, and the risks.
- Deception & Undercover Work — https://learnposters.com/p/undercover-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/undercover-methods.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Subterfuge as a last resort, justified only by what could not be got otherwise.
- AI in the Newsroom — https://learnposters.com/p/ai-and-media-ethics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ai-and-media-ethics.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Where generated material can be used, and what readers must be told.

### Nursing (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/nursing — The frameworks, values and calculations nursing practice rests on.

#### Fundamentals — The nursing process, vital signs and documentation.

- The Nursing Process — https://learnposters.com/p/nursing-process-adpie — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nursing-process-adpie.pdf — 5 numbered steps. ADPIE — the five-stage cycle every nursing intervention is planned inside.
- Vital Signs — https://learnposters.com/p/nursing-vital-signs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nursing-vital-signs.pdf — A 6-row table: Sign · Typical adult · What alters it. The core observations, what each measures, and what alters it.
- SBAR Handover — https://learnposters.com/p/sbar-handover — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sbar-handover.pdf — 4 numbered steps. The four-part structure that turns a worry into a communicable clinical message.
- Nursing Records — https://learnposters.com/p/nursing-documentation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nursing-documentation.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Contemporaneous, factual, attributable, complete — a defensible entry.
- Writing a Care Plan — https://learnposters.com/p/nursing-care-plan — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nursing-care-plan.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. PES diagnosis statements and SMART goals — the two halves that blur.
- Hand Hygiene Moments — https://learnposters.com/p/nursing-hand-hygiene — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nursing-hand-hygiene.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The five moments, and how each one protects somebody different.
- The Chain of Infection — https://learnposters.com/p/chain-of-infection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chain-of-infection.pdf — A 6-row table: Link · Break it by. Six links from organism to host, and the nursing action that breaks each.
- Standard Precautions — https://learnposters.com/p/standard-precautions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/standard-precautions.pdf — Standard — every patient against Transmission-based — added, side by side. The measures used for every patient, whatever the diagnosis.
- Putting On & Taking Off PPE — https://learnposters.com/p/ppe-donning-doffing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ppe-donning-doffing.pdf — Donning — clean to dirty against Doffing — dirty to clean, side by side. Two orders, not mirror images — doffing is where contamination happens.
- Assessing Pain — https://learnposters.com/p/nursing-pain-assessment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nursing-pain-assessment.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. A structured pain history, and choosing a scale the patient can actually use.
- Pressure Injuries — https://learnposters.com/p/pressure-injury-prevention — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pressure-injury-prevention.pdf — A 6-row table: Category · What is seen. How the categories are graded, and the five-part prevention bundle behind SSKIN.
- Fluid Balance Charts — https://learnposters.com/p/nursing-fluid-balance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nursing-fluid-balance.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Adding up intake and output, and reading the running balance.
- Moving & Handling — https://learnposters.com/p/safe-moving-and-handling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/safe-moving-and-handling.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. The principles of a safe transfer, and the manoeuvres no longer taught.
- Preventing Falls — https://learnposters.com/p/nursing-falls-prevention — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nursing-falls-prevention.pdf — A 6-row table: Risk factor · Nursing response. Multifactorial risk, and the interventions that follow from each identified factor.
- Setting Priorities — https://learnposters.com/p/nursing-priority-setting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nursing-priority-setting.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Three ordering rules — ABC, actual before potential, and unstable before stable.

#### Pharmacology — Drug classes, calculations and safe administration.

- The Rights of Administration — https://learnposters.com/p/rights-of-medication — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rights-of-medication.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The checks made before, during and after every medicine administration.
- Dosage Calculation — https://learnposters.com/p/dosage-calculation-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dosage-calculation-basics.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. One formula covers tablets, liquids and injections once units are matched.
- IV Flow Rates — https://learnposters.com/p/iv-flow-rate-calculation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/iv-flow-rate-calculation.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Drops per minute for a gravity set, millilitres per hour for a pump.
- Weight-Based Dosing — https://learnposters.com/p/weight-based-dosing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/weight-based-dosing.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Multiplying a per-kilogram dose out, then splitting it across the day safely.
- Pharmacokinetics — https://learnposters.com/p/pharmacokinetics-adme — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pharmacokinetics-adme.pdf — 4 numbered steps. What the body does to a drug — four stages that set dose and interval.
- Agonists & Antagonists — https://learnposters.com/p/agonists-and-antagonists — https://learnposters.com/pdf/agonists-and-antagonists.pdf — Agonist against Antagonist, side by side. What the drug does to the body: receptor occupancy and the response.
- Half-Life & Steady State — https://learnposters.com/p/half-life-and-steady-state — https://learnposters.com/pdf/half-life-and-steady-state.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why regular dosing takes about five half-lives to plateau, and to wash out.
- Routes of Administration — https://learnposters.com/p/drug-routes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drug-routes.pdf — A 6-row table: Route · Onset · Trade-off. Speed, bioavailability and the practical trade-off each route brings with it.
- The Analgesic Ladder — https://learnposters.com/p/analgesic-ladder — https://learnposters.com/pdf/analgesic-ladder.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Stepped analgesia, with the adjuvants and monitoring beside every rung.
- Antibiotic Classes — https://learnposters.com/p/antibiotic-classes-nursing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/antibiotic-classes-nursing.pdf — A 6-row table: Class · Attacks · Watch for. Five families, what each attacks, and the monitoring the class specifically needs.
- Cardiovascular Drug Classes — https://learnposters.com/p/cardiac-drug-classes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cardiac-drug-classes.pdf — A 6-row table: Class · Lever · Check. Six classes, the lever each one pulls, and the observation that tracks it.
- Insulin Profiles — https://learnposters.com/p/insulin-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/insulin-types.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Onset · Peak. Onset, peak and duration by type, and why the peak is when hypos happen.
- Anticoagulants — https://learnposters.com/p/anticoagulant-monitoring — https://learnposters.com/pdf/anticoagulant-monitoring.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What each anticoagulant group does, its monitoring and its bleeding risk.
- High-Alert Medicines — https://learnposters.com/p/high-alert-medications — https://learnposters.com/pdf/high-alert-medications.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. The drugs whose errors do disproportionate harm, and the controls built around them.
- Adverse Drug Reactions — https://learnposters.com/p/adverse-drug-reactions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/adverse-drug-reactions.pdf — Type A · augmented against Type B · bizarre, side by side. The two-type classification, and why it changes what you do about the reaction.

#### Assessment — Systematic head-to-toe and focused assessment.

- The ABCDE Approach — https://learnposters.com/p/abcde-assessment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/abcde-assessment.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The sequence for the acutely unwell — each step treated before the next.
- Head-to-Toe Assessment — https://learnposters.com/p/head-to-toe-assessment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/head-to-toe-assessment.pdf — 6 numbered steps. A repeatable order for a full assessment, so nothing is left out.
- The Four Techniques — https://learnposters.com/p/inspect-palpate-percuss — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inspect-palpate-percuss.pdf — A 5-row table: Technique · What it finds. Inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation — what each one can actually find.
- Respiratory Assessment — https://learnposters.com/p/respiratory-assessment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/respiratory-assessment.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. What to look at, listen for and measure when breathing is the concern.
- Cardiac Assessment — https://learnposters.com/p/cardiac-assessment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cardiac-assessment.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Perfusion, rhythm and volume status — the bedside before the machine.
- Abdominal Assessment — https://learnposters.com/p/abdominal-assessment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/abdominal-assessment.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The one examination where auscultation precedes touching the patient.
- Glasgow Coma Scale — https://learnposters.com/p/glasgow-coma-scale — https://learnposters.com/pdf/glasgow-coma-scale.pdf — 15 entries in 3 groups. Three components, scored and reported separately as well as summed.
- Neurovascular Checks — https://learnposters.com/p/neurovascular-checks — https://learnposters.com/pdf/neurovascular-checks.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. The six Ps distal to a fracture, cast or vascular injury, and what changes mean.
- Wound Assessment — https://learnposters.com/p/wound-assessment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/wound-assessment.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. A structured description of a wound bed, so the next nurse can see what you saw.
- Early Warning Scores — https://learnposters.com/p/early-warning-scores — https://learnposters.com/pdf/early-warning-scores.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What an aggregate observation score is for, and the four ways it is misread.
- Breath Sounds — https://learnposters.com/p/breath-sounds — https://learnposters.com/pdf/breath-sounds.pdf — A 6-row table: Sound · Character · Often associated with. Normal sounds by location, and the added sounds worth naming.
- Heart Sounds at the Bedside — https://learnposters.com/p/heart-sounds-nursing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/heart-sounds-nursing.pdf — A 5-row table: Area · Position · Best heard. Where to listen, what S1 and S2 are, and how to describe an added sound.
- Taking a Health History — https://learnposters.com/p/nursing-health-history — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nursing-health-history.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The order of a nursing history, and where the patient's own account belongs.
- What Pulse Oximetry Misses — https://learnposters.com/p/pulse-oximetry-limits — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pulse-oximetry-limits.pdf — It does tell you against It does not tell you, side by side. A saturation reading answers one narrow question and stays silent about several others.

#### Medical-surgical — Common conditions and their nursing priorities.

- Heart Failure: Left & Right — https://learnposters.com/p/heart-failure-nursing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/heart-failure-nursing.pdf — Left-sided — lungs against Right-sided — body, side by side. Which side fails decides where the fluid backs up, and so what you assess.
- Chest Pain: Recognise & Escalate — https://learnposters.com/p/acute-coronary-syndrome-nursing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/acute-coronary-syndrome-nursing.pdf — 5 numbered steps. What raises concern in chest pain, and the nursing role while help comes.
- Stroke: Nursing Priorities — https://learnposters.com/p/stroke-nursing-priorities — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stroke-nursing-priorities.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Recognising sudden focal deficit, escalating fast, and the checks before anything oral.
- Sepsis: Recognise & Escalate — https://learnposters.com/p/sepsis-recognition — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sepsis-recognition.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Sepsis suspected from infection plus new organ dysfunction, then escalated.
- COPD & Asthma — https://learnposters.com/p/copd-and-asthma-nursing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/copd-and-asthma-nursing.pdf — Asthma against COPD, side by side. Two obstructive diseases that behave — and are nursed — differently.
- Hypo & Hyper — https://learnposters.com/p/diabetes-emergencies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/diabetes-emergencies.pdf — Hypoglycaemia against Hyperglycaemia, side by side. Two opposite emergencies, and the one measurement that separates them.
- Electrolyte Imbalances — https://learnposters.com/p/electrolyte-imbalances — https://learnposters.com/pdf/electrolyte-imbalances.pdf — A 4-row table: Electrolyte · Low · High. Four electrolytes, the signs of high and low, and what is monitored.
- Reading a Blood Gas — https://learnposters.com/p/reading-an-abg — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reading-an-abg.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Four questions in order that turn a gas result into a named disturbance.
- Post-Operative Priorities — https://learnposters.com/p/postoperative-priorities — https://learnposters.com/pdf/postoperative-priorities.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. What the first hours after surgery are for, and what is watched.
- How Wounds Heal — https://learnposters.com/p/wound-healing-stages — https://learnposters.com/pdf/wound-healing-stages.pdf — A 4-row table: Phase · Roughly · What can stall it. Four overlapping phases, their timescales, and what stalls a wound in each.
- Acute Kidney Injury & CKD — https://learnposters.com/p/aki-and-ckd — https://learnposters.com/pdf/aki-and-ckd.pdf — Acute kidney injury against Chronic kidney disease, side by side. A sudden, often reversible drop against a slow, staged and permanent decline.
- Oxygen Delivery Devices — https://learnposters.com/p/oxygen-delivery-devices — https://learnposters.com/pdf/oxygen-delivery-devices.pdf — A 5-row table: Device · Typical flow · Approximate oxygen. The common devices, their approximate delivered concentrations, and their limits.
- Types of Shock — https://learnposters.com/p/types-of-shock — https://learnposters.com/pdf/types-of-shock.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · Mechanism · Typical clue. Four mechanisms of inadequate perfusion, and the one sign they share.
- Preventing Blood Clots — https://learnposters.com/p/vte-prevention — https://learnposters.com/pdf/vte-prevention.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. Why hospital raises clot risk — mechanical and pharmacological answers.

#### Maternal & child — Pregnancy, birth, newborn and paediatric care.

- The Stages of Labour — https://learnposters.com/p/stages-of-labour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stages-of-labour.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Four stages, what defines each, and the observations that belong to it.
- The Three Trimesters — https://learnposters.com/p/pregnancy-trimesters — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pregnancy-trimesters.pdf — A 4-row table: Trimester · Weeks · Focus of care. What changes in each third of pregnancy, and what antenatal care is looking for.
- The Apgar Score — https://learnposters.com/p/apgar-score — https://learnposters.com/pdf/apgar-score.pdf — A 5-row table: Sign · 0 points · 2 points. Five signs at one and five minutes, describing how a newborn adapts.
- The Newborn Check — https://learnposters.com/p/newborn-assessment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/newborn-assessment.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. What the routine newborn examination covers, and what gets escalated.
- Fetal Heart Monitoring — https://learnposters.com/p/fetal-heart-monitoring — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fetal-heart-monitoring.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. The elements of a systematic trace review, and why it is never read alone.
- Recognising Pre-eclampsia — https://learnposters.com/p/pre-eclampsia-recognition — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pre-eclampsia-recognition.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. The signs that raise concern in pregnancy and afterwards, and why they are urgent.
- Postpartum Haemorrhage — https://learnposters.com/p/postpartum-haemorrhage — https://learnposters.com/pdf/postpartum-haemorrhage.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The four causes, why tone dominates them, and what the nursing role is.
- Supporting Breastfeeding — https://learnposters.com/p/breastfeeding-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/breastfeeding-basics.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. Positioning, attachment and the signs a feed is going well, plus when to refer.
- Children's Vital Signs — https://learnposters.com/p/paediatric-vital-signs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/paediatric-vital-signs.pdf — A 5-row table: Age · Pulse per min · Breaths per min. Why children's normal ranges shift with age, and what an outlier means.
- The Paediatric Triangle — https://learnposters.com/p/paediatric-assessment-triangle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/paediatric-assessment-triangle.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. A first impression formed from across the room, before any equipment is used.
- Developmental Milestones — https://learnposters.com/p/developmental-milestones — https://learnposters.com/pdf/developmental-milestones.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Approximate ages for common milestones, and what actually prompts referral.
- Children's Maintenance Fluids — https://learnposters.com/p/paediatric-fluid-maintenance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/paediatric-fluid-maintenance.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The three-band per-kilogram method for a routine maintenance rate.
- How Immunisation Works — https://learnposters.com/p/immunisation-principles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/immunisation-principles.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Active and passive immunity, herd protection, and what genuine contraindications are.
- Assessing Pain in Children — https://learnposters.com/p/paediatric-pain-assessment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/paediatric-pain-assessment.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. Choosing a pain tool that matches the child's age and ability to report.

#### Mental health — Assessment, risk and therapeutic communication.

- Therapeutic Communication — https://learnposters.com/p/therapeutic-communication — https://learnposters.com/pdf/therapeutic-communication.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. The techniques that open a conversation, and the habits that close it.
- The Mental State Examination — https://learnposters.com/p/mental-state-examination — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mental-state-examination.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. A structured description of how a person presents, in observable terms.
- Risk Assessment as a Process — https://learnposters.com/p/suicide-risk-assessment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/suicide-risk-assessment.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Why structured assessment guides care rather than predicting who will act.
- De-escalation — https://learnposters.com/p/de-escalation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/de-escalation.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Reducing arousal early — space, tone and choice, not confrontation.
- Depression & Bipolar Presentations — https://learnposters.com/p/mood-disorders-nursing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mood-disorders-nursing.pdf — Depressive presentation against Elevated presentation, side by side. Two mood presentations, what differs, and why the distinction changes care.
- Anxiety in Practice — https://learnposters.com/p/anxiety-disorders-nursing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/anxiety-disorders-nursing.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What anxiety does to the body and the thinking, and what helps.
- Nursing a Person with Psychosis — https://learnposters.com/p/psychosis-nursing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/psychosis-nursing.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Responding to experiences you do not share, without colluding or dismissing.
- Trauma-Informed Care — https://learnposters.com/p/trauma-informed-care — https://learnposters.com/pdf/trauma-informed-care.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Six principles that change how a service behaves, not a treatment for trauma.
- Recognising Withdrawal — https://learnposters.com/p/substance-withdrawal — https://learnposters.com/pdf/substance-withdrawal.pdf — A 5-row table: Substance group · Withdrawal features · Danger. What withdrawal looks like by substance group, and which are dangerous.
- Delirium & Dementia — https://learnposters.com/p/delirium-and-dementia — https://learnposters.com/pdf/delirium-and-dementia.pdf — Delirium against Dementia, side by side. An acute, fluctuating, often reversible state against a slow progressive one.
- The Recovery Model — https://learnposters.com/p/recovery-model — https://learnposters.com/pdf/recovery-model.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Recovery as a life worth living, defined by the person rather than by symptom counts.
- Motivational Interviewing — https://learnposters.com/p/motivational-interviewing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/motivational-interviewing.pdf — 6 numbered steps. A collaborative style for exploring ambivalence, not arguing for change.
- Monitoring Psychotropics — https://learnposters.com/p/psychotropic-monitoring — https://learnposters.com/pdf/psychotropic-monitoring.pdf — A 5-row table: Group · Monitor · Watch for. What each medicine group needs watched physically, and why it is routine.
- Language & Stigma — https://learnposters.com/p/language-and-stigma — https://learnposters.com/pdf/language-and-stigma.pdf — Says something about the person against Says something about the experience, side by side. Wording that describes a person's experience without reducing them to it.

#### Professional practice — Ethics, law, delegation and safety.

- The Four Principles — https://learnposters.com/p/nursing-ethics-principles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nursing-ethics-principles.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice — where they collide.
- Informed Consent — https://learnposters.com/p/informed-consent-nursing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/informed-consent-nursing.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. The three elements consent needs, and what a signed form does and does not prove.
- Assessing Capacity — https://learnposters.com/p/mental-capacity-assessment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mental-capacity-assessment.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Capacity is decision-specific and time-specific, and is presumed until shown otherwise.
- Confidentiality — https://learnposters.com/p/confidentiality-nursing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/confidentiality-nursing.pdf — The duty against Recognised limits, side by side. A strong duty with recognised limits, and the tests applied before any disclosure.
- Delegation — https://learnposters.com/p/delegation-five-rights — https://learnposters.com/pdf/delegation-five-rights.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What can be delegated, to whom, and why accountability stays behind.
- Scope of Practice — https://learnposters.com/p/scope-of-practice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/scope-of-practice.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The four questions that decide whether an activity is yours to perform.
- Reporting an Incident — https://learnposters.com/p/incident-reporting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/incident-reporting.pdf — 6 numbered steps. What to do after a patient safety incident, in the order it needs doing.
- If a Medicine Error Happens — https://learnposters.com/p/medication-error-response — https://learnposters.com/pdf/medication-error-response.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The immediate priorities, and why concealment compounds the error.
- Just Culture — https://learnposters.com/p/just-culture — https://learnposters.com/pdf/just-culture.pdf — Blame culture against Just culture, side by side. Separating human error from at-risk behaviour and from genuine recklessness.
- Raising a Concern — https://learnposters.com/p/raising-concerns — https://learnposters.com/pdf/raising-concerns.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. Graded assertiveness, and what to do when the first attempt does not work.
- Evidence-Based Practice — https://learnposters.com/p/evidence-based-practice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/evidence-based-practice.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Turning a clinical question into a searchable one, then weighing what comes back.
- Clinical Governance — https://learnposters.com/p/clinical-governance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/clinical-governance.pdf — A 6-row table: Pillar · In daily practice. The pillars that hold a service accountable, and what each means daily.
- Cultural Safety — https://learnposters.com/p/cultural-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cultural-safety.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. From learning about cultures to examining power in your own practice.
- Reflective Practice — https://learnposters.com/p/reflective-practice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reflective-practice.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. A structured way to learn from an event, as opposed to ruminating.

### Biology (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/biology — The mechanisms, cycles and diagrams a biology degree assumes.

#### Cell biology — Organelles, membranes, respiration and division.

- Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes — https://learnposters.com/p/prokaryote-vs-eukaryote — https://learnposters.com/pdf/prokaryote-vs-eukaryote.pdf — Prokaryotic against Eukaryotic, side by side. The fundamental division of cellular life, and what separates them.
- Organelles — https://learnposters.com/p/organelles-function — https://learnposters.com/pdf/organelles-function.pdf — A 10-row table: Organelle · Function. Every organelle and what it does, in one table.
- The Cell Membrane — https://learnposters.com/p/cell-membrane — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cell-membrane.pdf — A 6-row table: Mechanism · Needs ATP? · Moves. The fluid mosaic model, and what crosses it how.
- Cellular Respiration — https://learnposters.com/p/cellular-respiration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cellular-respiration.pdf — A 5-row table: Stage · Location · Net ATP. The four stages, where each happens, and the ATP yield.
- Photosynthesis — https://learnposters.com/p/photosynthesis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/photosynthesis.pdf — A 4-row table: Stage · Location · Produces. The two stages, and what each one produces.
- Mitosis — https://learnposters.com/p/mitosis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mitosis.pdf — A 6-row table: Phase · Chromosomes. The phases, and what the chromosomes are doing in each.
- Meiosis — https://learnposters.com/p/meiosis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/meiosis.pdf — Meiosis I — reductional against Meiosis II — equational, side by side. Two divisions, four haploid cells, and the two sources of variation.
- DNA Replication — https://learnposters.com/p/dna-replication — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dna-replication.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Semi-conservative replication, and why one strand is made in pieces.
- Transcription & Translation — https://learnposters.com/p/transcription-translation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transcription-translation.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How a gene becomes a protein, in two stages.
- Enzymes — https://learnposters.com/p/enzymes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/enzymes.pdf — A 6-row table: Factor · Effect. How enzymes work, and what changes their rate.
- Cell Signalling — https://learnposters.com/p/cell-signalling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cell-signalling.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Travels. How cells communicate, and the steps from signal to response.
- Cell Cycle Control — https://learnposters.com/p/cell-cycle-control — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cell-cycle-control.pdf — A 3-row table: Checkpoint · Checks. The checkpoints, and what happens when they fail.
- Stem Cells — https://learnposters.com/p/stem-cells — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stem-cells.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Can become. The potency levels, and what each can become.
- Microscopy — https://learnposters.com/p/microscopy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/microscopy.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Resolution · Can view. The techniques, their resolution, and what each can show.
- Differentiation — https://learnposters.com/p/cell-differentiation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cell-differentiation.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How identical cells become different, with the same genome.

#### Genetics — Inheritance, DNA, expression and mutation.

- Mendelian Inheritance — https://learnposters.com/p/mendelian-inheritance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mendelian-inheritance.pdf — A 2-row table: A · a. The two laws, and the monohybrid cross that demonstrates them.
- Genetics Vocabulary — https://learnposters.com/p/genetics-vocabulary — https://learnposters.com/pdf/genetics-vocabulary.pdf — A 9-row table: Term · Means. The terms every genetics question assumes you know.
- Beyond Mendel — https://learnposters.com/p/non-mendelian-inheritance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/non-mendelian-inheritance.pdf — A 6-row table: Pattern · Means · Example. The patterns that do not give simple dominant-recessive ratios.
- Pedigree Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/pedigree-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pedigree-analysis.pdf — A 5-row table: Pattern · Clue. Reading a family tree, and identifying the inheritance pattern.
- Mutations — https://learnposters.com/p/mutations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mutations.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · Change · Effect. The types of mutation, and their effect on the protein.
- Regulating Gene Expression — https://learnposters.com/p/gene-expression-regulation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gene-expression-regulation.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How cells control which genes are on, and when.
- PCR — https://learnposters.com/p/pcr — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pcr.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Amplifying DNA, and the three temperature steps that do it.
- Gel Electrophoresis — https://learnposters.com/p/gel-electrophoresis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gel-electrophoresis.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Separating DNA by size, and how to read the result.
- Genetic Engineering — https://learnposters.com/p/genetic-engineering — https://learnposters.com/pdf/genetic-engineering.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Moving a gene into another organism, step by step.
- CRISPR-Cas9 — https://learnposters.com/p/crispr — https://learnposters.com/pdf/crispr.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How targeted gene editing works, and what it can and cannot do.
- DNA Sequencing — https://learnposters.com/p/dna-sequencing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dna-sequencing.pdf — Sanger sequencing against Next-generation, side by side. How a sequence is read, from Sanger to modern methods.
- Genetic Disorders — https://learnposters.com/p/genetic-disorders — https://learnposters.com/pdf/genetic-disorders.pdf — A 6-row table: Pattern · Example · Note. The main inheritance patterns, with an example of each.
- Hardy-Weinberg — https://learnposters.com/p/hardy-weinberg — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hardy-weinberg.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The equilibrium equation, and the assumptions it requires.
- Epigenetics — https://learnposters.com/p/epigenetics-detail — https://learnposters.com/pdf/epigenetics-detail.pdf — A 5-row table: Mechanism · Effect. Heritable changes in gene expression without changes to the sequence.
- Genomics & Ethics — https://learnposters.com/p/genomics-and-ethics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/genomics-and-ethics.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What genomic data enables, and the questions it raises.

#### Physiology — How organ systems maintain the body.

- Homeostasis — https://learnposters.com/p/homeostasis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/homeostasis.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Negative feedback, and the four components every control loop needs.
- Blood Glucose Control — https://learnposters.com/p/blood-glucose-control — https://learnposters.com/pdf/blood-glucose-control.pdf — Glucose high → insulin against Glucose low → glucagon, side by side. Insulin, glucagon, and the two directions of the loop.
- The Nephron — https://learnposters.com/p/kidney-function-bio — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kidney-function-bio.pdf — A 6-row table: Region · Process. Filtration, reabsorption and secretion, region by region.
- Gas Exchange — https://learnposters.com/p/gas-exchange-bio — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gas-exchange-bio.pdf — A 5-row table: Feature · Why · In the lung. The features that make an exchange surface efficient, and where they appear.
- The Circulatory System — https://learnposters.com/p/circulation-bio — https://learnposters.com/pdf/circulation-bio.pdf — A 5-row table: Vessel · Structure · Why. Double circulation, vessel structure, and why each vessel is built as it is.
- The Cardiac Cycle — https://learnposters.com/p/cardiac-cycle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cardiac-cycle.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The stages of one heartbeat, and what controls the rhythm.
- The Nerve Impulse — https://learnposters.com/p/nerve-impulse — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nerve-impulse.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The action potential, plotted and explained.
- Muscle Contraction — https://learnposters.com/p/muscle-contraction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/muscle-contraction.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The sliding filament theory, step by step.
- Digestive Enzymes — https://learnposters.com/p/digestion-enzymes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/digestion-enzymes.pdf — A 6-row table: Enzyme · Where · Substrate → product. Which enzyme acts where, on what, and produces what.
- The Immune Response — https://learnposters.com/p/immune-response-bio — https://learnposters.com/pdf/immune-response-bio.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and how memory works.
- Hormonal Control — https://learnposters.com/p/hormonal-control — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hormonal-control.pdf — Nervous control against Hormonal control, side by side. How hormones differ from nerves, and the main axes.
- Thermoregulation — https://learnposters.com/p/thermoregulation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/thermoregulation.pdf — Too hot against Too cold, side by side. How core temperature is held near 37°C, in both directions.
- Osmoregulation — https://learnposters.com/p/osmoregulation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/osmoregulation.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Controlling water balance, and the hormone that does it.
- Transport in Plants — https://learnposters.com/p/plant-transport — https://learnposters.com/pdf/plant-transport.pdf — Xylem against Phloem, side by side. Xylem and phloem, and the mechanisms that move each.

#### Microbiology — Bacteria, viruses, fungi and immunity.

- Bacterial Structure — https://learnposters.com/p/bacterial-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bacterial-structure.pdf — A 8-row table: Structure · Function · Always?. The parts of a bacterial cell, and which are drug targets.
- Gram Staining — https://learnposters.com/p/gram-staining — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gram-staining.pdf — Gram-positive against Gram-negative, side by side. What the stain distinguishes, and why it matters clinically.
- Bacterial Growth — https://learnposters.com/p/bacterial-growth — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bacterial-growth.pdf — A 4-row table: Phase · What happens. The growth curve, and what limits each phase.
- Viruses — https://learnposters.com/p/virus-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/virus-structure.pdf — A 6-row table: Part · Is. What a virus is, and why it is not usually called alive.
- Viral Replication — https://learnposters.com/p/viral-replication — https://learnposters.com/pdf/viral-replication.pdf — Lytic cycle against Lysogenic cycle, side by side. The lytic and lysogenic cycles, and what distinguishes them.
- How Antibiotics Work — https://learnposters.com/p/antibiotics-mechanisms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/antibiotics-mechanisms.pdf — A 6-row table: Class · Targets. The main targets, and why each is selective.
- Antibiotic Resistance — https://learnposters.com/p/antibiotic-resistance-bio — https://learnposters.com/pdf/antibiotic-resistance-bio.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How resistance arises and spreads, and why it is inevitable.
- Aseptic Technique — https://learnposters.com/p/aseptic-technique — https://learnposters.com/pdf/aseptic-technique.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The practices that prevent contamination in a microbiology lab.
- Industrial Microbiology — https://learnposters.com/p/microbes-and-industry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/microbes-and-industry.pdf — Batch culture against Continuous culture, side by side. What microbes are used to make, and how the process is run.
- The Microbiome — https://learnposters.com/p/microbiome — https://learnposters.com/pdf/microbiome.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The microbial communities on and in the body, and what is established.
- Fungi & Protists — https://learnposters.com/p/fungi-and-protists — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fungi-and-protists.pdf — A 4-row table: Group · Features · Examples. Two kingdoms often skipped, and what distinguishes them.
- Pathogens — https://learnposters.com/p/pathogens-and-transmission — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pathogens-and-transmission.pdf — A 6-row table: Route · Example. The types of pathogen and their routes of transmission.
- Immunisation — https://learnposters.com/p/immunisation-programmes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/immunisation-programmes.pdf — A 5-row table: Disease · R₀ · Threshold. How population immunity works, and the thresholds involved.
- Sterilisation & Disinfection — https://learnposters.com/p/sterilisation-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sterilisation-methods.pdf — A 6-row table: Method · Kills · Used for. The methods, what each kills, and where each is used.

#### Ecology — Populations, communities and energy flow.

- Levels of Organisation — https://learnposters.com/p/ecology-levels — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ecology-levels.pdf — A 6-row table: Level · Is. From individual to biosphere, and what each level studies.
- Energy Flow — https://learnposters.com/p/energy-flow — https://learnposters.com/pdf/energy-flow.pdf — A 5-row table: Level · Is · Energy. Why food chains are short, and where the energy goes.
- Nutrient Cycles — https://learnposters.com/p/nutrient-cycles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nutrient-cycles.pdf — A 6-row table: Cycle · Processes. Carbon and nitrogen, and the processes that move each.
- Population Growth — https://learnposters.com/p/population-growth — https://learnposters.com/pdf/population-growth.pdf — Exponential (J-curve) against Logistic (S-curve), side by side. Exponential and logistic growth, and what carrying capacity means.
- Species Interactions — https://learnposters.com/p/species-interactions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/species-interactions.pdf — A 6-row table: Interaction · A / B · Example. The interaction types, classified by who benefits.
- Succession — https://learnposters.com/p/succession — https://learnposters.com/pdf/succession.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How communities change over time, and where each type starts.
- Measuring Biodiversity — https://learnposters.com/p/biodiversity-measures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/biodiversity-measures.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Richness against diversity, and the index that combines them.
- Ecological Sampling — https://learnposters.com/p/sampling-ecology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sampling-ecology.pdf — A 6-row table: Method · Suits. The techniques for estimating populations without counting everything.
- Ecosystem Services — https://learnposters.com/p/ecosystem-services — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ecosystem-services.pdf — A 4-row table: Category · Examples. What ecosystems provide, grouped into four categories.
- Conservation — https://learnposters.com/p/conservation-strategies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/conservation-strategies.pdf — In situ — in place against Ex situ — off site, side by side. In situ and ex situ approaches, and what each achieves.
- Climate & Ecosystems — https://learnposters.com/p/climate-change-ecology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/climate-change-ecology.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The ecological consequences that are well documented.
- Food Webs — https://learnposters.com/p/food-webs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/food-webs.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why webs are more realistic than chains, and what a keystone species does.
- Pollution Effects — https://learnposters.com/p/pollution-and-ecosystems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pollution-and-ecosystems.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The main pollutant types and the mechanism of harm for each.
- Carbon in Ecosystems — https://learnposters.com/p/carbon-footprint-ecology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/carbon-footprint-ecology.pdf — A 5-row table: Store · Relative size. Where carbon is stored, and what happens when a store is disturbed.

#### Evolution — Selection, speciation and phylogeny.

- Natural Selection — https://learnposters.com/p/natural-selection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/natural-selection.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The four conditions, all of which must hold.
- Types of Selection — https://learnposters.com/p/types-of-selection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/types-of-selection.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · Favours · Effect. Three patterns, and what each does to the distribution.
- Speciation — https://learnposters.com/p/speciation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/speciation.pdf — Allopatric against Sympatric, side by side. How one species becomes two, and the barriers involved.
- Evidence for Evolution — https://learnposters.com/p/evidence-for-evolution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/evidence-for-evolution.pdf — A 7-row table: Evidence · Shows. The independent lines of evidence, and why convergence matters.
- Homology & Analogy — https://learnposters.com/p/homologous-analogous — https://learnposters.com/pdf/homologous-analogous.pdf — Homologous — divergent against Analogous — convergent, side by side. Shared ancestry against shared pressure — two ways structures look alike.
- Phylogenetic Trees — https://learnposters.com/p/phylogenetics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/phylogenetics.pdf — A 6-row table: Term · Means. How to read a tree, and the mistakes readers make.
- Genetic Drift — https://learnposters.com/p/genetic-drift — https://learnposters.com/pdf/genetic-drift.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Random change in allele frequency, and when it dominates selection.
- Common Misconceptions — https://learnposters.com/p/evolution-misconceptions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/evolution-misconceptions.pdf — A 7-row table: Misconception · Correction. The errors that appear in almost every student answer.
- Human Evolution — https://learnposters.com/p/human-evolution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/human-evolution.pdf — A 6-row table: Species · When · Feature. The main hominin species, and the traits that distinguish them.
- Coevolution — https://learnposters.com/p/coevolution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/coevolution.pdf — A 5-row table: Relationship · Pattern. Species evolving against each other, and the arms races that result.
- Mimicry & Camouflage — https://learnposters.com/p/mimicry-and-camouflage — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mimicry-and-camouflage.pdf — Batesian against Müllerian, side by side. The strategies, and the difference between the two main mimicry types.
- Adaptations — https://learnposters.com/p/adaptation-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/adaptation-types.pdf — A 3-row table: Type · Is · Example. The three categories, and the trade-offs adaptations always carry.
- Artificial Selection — https://learnposters.com/p/artificial-selection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/artificial-selection.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Selective breeding, and what it demonstrates about natural selection.
- Classification — https://learnposters.com/p/classification-taxonomy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/classification-taxonomy.pdf — A 8-row table: Rank · Human example. The taxonomic hierarchy, and how naming works.

#### Biochemistry — Biomolecules, enzymes and metabolic pathways.

- The Four Biomolecules — https://learnposters.com/p/biological-molecules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/biological-molecules.pdf — A 4-row table: Molecule · Monomer · Elements. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, and their monomers.
- Carbohydrates — https://learnposters.com/p/carbohydrates — https://learnposters.com/pdf/carbohydrates.pdf — A 5-row table: Polysaccharide · Made of · Function. From monosaccharides to polysaccharides, and how structure fits function.
- Lipids — https://learnposters.com/p/lipids — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lipids.pdf — Triglyceride against Phospholipid, side by side. Triglycerides and phospholipids, and why the difference matters.
- Protein Structure — https://learnposters.com/p/proteins-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/proteins-structure.pdf — A 4-row table: Level · Is · Held by. Four levels of structure, and what holds each together.
- Amino Acids — https://learnposters.com/p/amino-acids — https://learnposters.com/pdf/amino-acids.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The general structure, and what the R group determines.
- Enzyme Kinetics — https://learnposters.com/p/enzyme-kinetics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/enzyme-kinetics.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Michaelis-Menten, and what Km and Vmax actually tell you.
- ATP — https://learnposters.com/p/atp — https://learnposters.com/pdf/atp.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why ATP is the energy currency, and what makes it suitable.
- Chemiosmosis — https://learnposters.com/p/chemiosmosis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chemiosmosis.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How a proton gradient becomes ATP, in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
- Metabolic Pathways — https://learnposters.com/p/metabolic-pathways — https://learnposters.com/pdf/metabolic-pathways.pdf — Catabolism against Anabolism, side by side. Anabolism and catabolism, and how pathways are regulated.
- Water — https://learnposters.com/p/water-properties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/water-properties.pdf — A 6-row table: Property · Because · Matters for. The properties that make water essential, and the reason for each.
- pH & Buffers — https://learnposters.com/p/ph-and-buffers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ph-and-buffers.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The pH scale, and how biological systems resist change.
- Food Tests — https://learnposters.com/p/biochemical-tests — https://learnposters.com/pdf/biochemical-tests.pdf — A 6-row table: Substance · Test · Positive result. The standard qualitative tests, and the positive result for each.
- Chromatography — https://learnposters.com/p/chromatography — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chromatography.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Separating a mixture, and calculating Rf.
- Respiration & Photosynthesis — https://learnposters.com/p/respiration-vs-photosynthesis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/respiration-vs-photosynthesis.pdf — Photosynthesis against Respiration, side by side. The two central pathways compared, and how they connect.

### Chemistry (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/chemistry — The rules, mechanisms and constants of a chemistry degree.

#### General chemistry — Atoms, bonding, stoichiometry and gases.

- Atomic Structure — https://learnposters.com/p/atomic-structure-chem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/atomic-structure-chem.pdf — A 3-row table: Particle · Charge · Mass. The subatomic particles, and what each number on the periodic table means.
- Electron Configuration — https://learnposters.com/p/electron-configuration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/electron-configuration.pdf — A 4-row table: Subshell · Orbitals · Electrons. Filling order, and the two exceptions everyone meets first.
- Periodic Trends — https://learnposters.com/p/periodic-trends — https://learnposters.com/pdf/periodic-trends.pdf — A 5-row table: Trend · Across → · Down ↓. The four main trends, and the reason behind each.
- Chemical Bonding — https://learnposters.com/p/chemical-bonding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chemical-bonding.pdf — A 4-row table: Bond · Forms between · Properties. The three bond types, and what determines which forms.
- Intermolecular Forces — https://learnposters.com/p/intermolecular-forces — https://learnposters.com/pdf/intermolecular-forces.pdf — A 3-row table: Force · Occurs in · Strength. The three types, their relative strength, and what they explain.
- The Mole — https://learnposters.com/p/moles-and-stoichiometry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/moles-and-stoichiometry.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The central quantity in chemistry, and the three conversions built on it.
- Balancing Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/balancing-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/balancing-equations.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A method that works, and the order to balance in.
- Gas Laws — https://learnposters.com/p/gas-laws — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gas-laws.pdf — A 5-row table: Law · Relationship · Constant. The individual laws and the combined ideal gas equation.
- States & Changes — https://learnposters.com/p/states-of-matter-chem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/states-of-matter-chem.pdf — A 6-row table: Change · From → to · Energy. The state changes, and why temperature plateaus during them.
- Solutions — https://learnposters.com/p/solutions-and-concentration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/solutions-and-concentration.pdf — A 5-row table: Unit · Is · Used for. The ways concentration is expressed, and when each is used.
- Acids & Bases — https://learnposters.com/p/acids-and-bases — https://learnposters.com/pdf/acids-and-bases.pdf — A 3-row table: Theory · Acid is · Base is. The three definitions, and what each adds.
- pH Calculations — https://learnposters.com/p/ph-calculations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ph-calculations.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Calculating pH for strong and weak acids.
- Redox — https://learnposters.com/p/redox-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/redox-basics.pdf — A 8-row table: Rule · Value. Oxidation and reduction, and the rules for oxidation numbers.
- Writing Formulae — https://learnposters.com/p/chemical-formulae — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chemical-formulae.pdf — A 7-row table: Ion · Formula · Charge. Deriving a formula from ion charges, and the polyatomic ions to know.
- Empirical & Molecular Formula — https://learnposters.com/p/empirical-molecular-formula — https://learnposters.com/pdf/empirical-molecular-formula.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Working from percentage composition to a molecular formula.

#### Organic — Functional groups, mechanisms and synthesis.

- Functional Groups — https://learnposters.com/p/functional-groups — https://learnposters.com/pdf/functional-groups.pdf — A 9-row table: Group · Formula · Suffix. The groups that define organic chemistry, with suffix and prefix.
- IUPAC Naming — https://learnposters.com/p/iupac-naming — https://learnposters.com/pdf/iupac-naming.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Naming an organic molecule in five steps.
- Isomerism — https://learnposters.com/p/isomerism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/isomerism.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Differs in. The types of isomer, and what distinguishes each.
- Alkanes — https://learnposters.com/p/alkanes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/alkanes.pdf — A 6-row table: n · Name · Formula. Saturated hydrocarbons, and why they are so unreactive.
- Alkenes — https://learnposters.com/p/alkenes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/alkenes.pdf — A 5-row table: Reagent · Product · Conditions. The C=C double bond, and the addition reactions it enables.
- Alcohols — https://learnposters.com/p/alcohols — https://learnposters.com/pdf/alcohols.pdf — A 4-row table: Class · Oxidises to · Conditions. Primary, secondary and tertiary, and what each oxidises to.
- Halogenoalkanes — https://learnposters.com/p/halogenoalkanes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/halogenoalkanes.pdf — SN1 against SN2, side by side. Nucleophilic substitution, and the two mechanisms.
- Carboxylic Acids — https://learnposters.com/p/carboxylic-acids — https://learnposters.com/pdf/carboxylic-acids.pdf — A 6-row table: With · Gives. Their reactions, and why they are acidic at all.
- Esters — https://learnposters.com/p/esters — https://learnposters.com/pdf/esters.pdf — Esterification against Hydrolysis, side by side. Formation, hydrolysis and where they occur.
- Benzene — https://learnposters.com/p/aromatic-chemistry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/aromatic-chemistry.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why benzene resists addition, and what it does instead.
- Mechanism Types — https://learnposters.com/p/organic-reaction-mechanisms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/organic-reaction-mechanisms.pdf — A 6-row table: Mechanism · Typical substrate. The reaction categories, and the arrow conventions.
- Polymers — https://learnposters.com/p/polymers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/polymers.pdf — Addition against Condensation, side by side. Addition and condensation polymerisation, and how to spot each.
- Synthesis Routes — https://learnposters.com/p/organic-synthesis-routes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/organic-synthesis-routes.pdf — A 8-row table: From → to · Reagent. Getting from one functional group to another, in the fewest steps.
- Identifying Organic Compounds — https://learnposters.com/p/organic-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/organic-analysis.pdf — A 7-row table: Test · Positive for · Result. The tests, in the order to apply them.
- Spectroscopy — https://learnposters.com/p/spectroscopy-organic — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spectroscopy-organic.pdf — A 5-row table: Technique · Shows. The techniques for determining structure, and what each shows.

#### Inorganic — Periodicity, coordination and solid state.

- Group 1 — https://learnposters.com/p/group-1-metals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/group-1-metals.pdf — A 5-row table: Element · With water. The alkali metals, and why reactivity increases down the group.
- Group 2 — https://learnposters.com/p/group-2-metals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/group-2-metals.pdf — A 5-row table: Compound · Down the group. The alkaline earth metals, and the solubility trends.
- Group 7 — https://learnposters.com/p/group-7-halogens — https://learnposters.com/pdf/group-7-halogens.pdf — A 4-row table: Halogen · State at RTP · Displaces. The halogens, and why reactivity decreases down the group.
- Transition Metals — https://learnposters.com/p/transition-metals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transition-metals.pdf — A 4-row table: Property · Because. The defining properties, and where they come from.
- Complex Ions — https://learnposters.com/p/complex-ions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/complex-ions.pdf — A 4-row table: Coordination · Shape · Example. Ligands, coordination number and shape.
- Testing for Ions — https://learnposters.com/p/ion-tests — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ion-tests.pdf — A 6-row table: Ion · Test · Result. The standard qualitative tests, cation and anion.
- Flame Tests — https://learnposters.com/p/flame-tests — https://learnposters.com/pdf/flame-tests.pdf — A 7-row table: Ion · Colour. The colours, and why they occur.
- Period 3 — https://learnposters.com/p/periodicity-period-3 — https://learnposters.com/pdf/periodicity-period-3.pdf — A 6-row table: Property · Trend. Trends across a single period, in properties and in oxide behaviour.
- Extracting Metals — https://learnposters.com/p/metallic-extraction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/metallic-extraction.pdf — A 4-row table: Metal · Method. The method depends on reactivity, and on nothing else.
- Electrolysis — https://learnposters.com/p/electrolysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/electrolysis.pdf — A 2-row table: Electrode · Attracts · Rule. What happens at each electrode, and how to predict the products.
- Catalysts — https://learnposters.com/p/catalysts-inorganic — https://learnposters.com/pdf/catalysts-inorganic.pdf — A 5-row table: Process · Catalyst · Makes. Homogeneous and heterogeneous, and the industrial examples.
- Industrial Chemistry — https://learnposters.com/p/industrial-processes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/industrial-processes.pdf — A 4-row table: Process · Conditions · Compromise. The named processes, their conditions, and the compromise in each.
- Water Treatment — https://learnposters.com/p/water-treatment-chem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/water-treatment-chem.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The stages, and what each removes.
- Environmental Chemistry — https://learnposters.com/p/environmental-chemistry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/environmental-chemistry.pdf — A 6-row table: Pollutant · From · Effect. The main pollution chemistry, and the reactions involved.

#### Physical chemistry — Thermodynamics, kinetics and quantum basics.

- Enthalpy — https://learnposters.com/p/enthalpy-changes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/enthalpy-changes.pdf — A 6-row table: Term · Is. Exothermic and endothermic, and the sign convention.
- Hess's Law — https://learnposters.com/p/hess-law — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hess-law.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Calculating an enthalpy change you cannot measure directly.
- Entropy — https://learnposters.com/p/entropy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/entropy.pdf — A 5-row table: Change · ΔS. What entropy measures, and what increases it.
- Gibbs Free Energy — https://learnposters.com/p/gibbs-free-energy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gibbs-free-energy.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The equation that decides whether a reaction is feasible.
- Reaction Rates — https://learnposters.com/p/reaction-rates — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reaction-rates.pdf — A 5-row table: Factor · Increases rate by. What affects rate, and the mechanism behind each factor.
- Rate Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/rate-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rate-equations.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Order of reaction, and how it is determined.
- Equilibrium — https://learnposters.com/p/chemical-equilibrium — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chemical-equilibrium.pdf — A 5-row table: Change · Shift. Dynamic equilibrium, and Le Chatelier's principle.
- Kc and Kp — https://learnposters.com/p/equilibrium-constant — https://learnposters.com/pdf/equilibrium-constant.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Writing the expression, and what the value tells you.
- Born-Haber Cycles — https://learnposters.com/p/born-haber — https://learnposters.com/pdf/born-haber.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Calculating lattice enthalpy by an indirect route.
- Electrode Potentials — https://learnposters.com/p/electrode-potentials — https://learnposters.com/pdf/electrode-potentials.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The electrochemical series, and predicting cell reactions.
- The Arrhenius Equation — https://learnposters.com/p/kinetics-arrhenius — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kinetics-arrhenius.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How rate constant varies with temperature.
- Equilibrium in Industry — https://learnposters.com/p/le-chatelier-industrial — https://learnposters.com/pdf/le-chatelier-industrial.pdf — A 4-row table: Factor · Theory says · Industry uses. Why industrial conditions never match the theoretical optimum.
- Partial Pressures — https://learnposters.com/p/partial-pressures — https://learnposters.com/pdf/partial-pressures.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Dalton's law, mole fractions, and calculating Kp.
- Solubility Product — https://learnposters.com/p/solubility-product — https://learnposters.com/pdf/solubility-product.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Ksp, and predicting whether a precipitate forms.

#### Analytical — Titrations, spectroscopy and chromatography.

- Titration — https://learnposters.com/p/titration-technique — https://learnposters.com/pdf/titration-technique.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The procedure, and where accuracy is won or lost.
- Indicators — https://learnposters.com/p/choosing-an-indicator — https://learnposters.com/pdf/choosing-an-indicator.pdf — A 4-row table: Titration · pH at equivalence · Indicator. Which indicator suits which titration, and why.
- Titration Calculations — https://learnposters.com/p/titration-calculations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/titration-calculations.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The four-step method that works for every titration question.
- UV-Visible Spectroscopy — https://learnposters.com/p/uv-vis-spectroscopy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/uv-vis-spectroscopy.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Measuring concentration by absorbance, and the law behind it.
- Chromatography Methods — https://learnposters.com/p/chromatography-analytical — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chromatography-analytical.pdf — A 6-row table: Technique · Mobile phase · Suits. The main techniques, and what separates in each.
- Mass Spectrometry — https://learnposters.com/p/mass-spectrometry-analytical — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mass-spectrometry-analytical.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The stages, and how to read a spectrum.
- Infrared Spectroscopy — https://learnposters.com/p/infrared-spectroscopy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/infrared-spectroscopy.pdf — A 7-row table: Bond · Wavenumber · Appearance. The key absorption bands, and how to use them.
- NMR Spectroscopy — https://learnposters.com/p/nmr-spectroscopy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nmr-spectroscopy.pdf — A 4-row table: Feature · Tells you. What each feature of a ¹H NMR spectrum tells you.
- Calibration — https://learnposters.com/p/calibration-and-standards — https://learnposters.com/pdf/calibration-and-standards.pdf — A 6-row table: Term · Is. How quantitative analysis is made traceable.
- Errors & Uncertainty — https://learnposters.com/p/errors-and-uncertainty — https://learnposters.com/pdf/errors-and-uncertainty.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Random against systematic, and how to combine uncertainties.
- Gravimetric Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/gravimetric-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gravimetric-analysis.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Determining quantity by mass, and the technique for constant mass.
- Quality Control — https://learnposters.com/p/quality-control-chem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/quality-control-chem.pdf — Accuracy against Precision, side by side. Accuracy, precision and the difference between them.
- Sample Preparation — https://learnposters.com/p/sample-preparation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sample-preparation.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Getting from a real sample to something measurable.
- Instrumental Methods — https://learnposters.com/p/modern-analytical-methods — https://learnposters.com/pdf/modern-analytical-methods.pdf — A 6-row table: Technique · Measures · Typical use. The main instruments, what each measures, and typical detection limits.

#### Lab practice — Technique, safety and measurement.

- Laboratory Safety — https://learnposters.com/p/lab-safety-chem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lab-safety-chem.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The rules, and the reasoning behind the ones people ignore.
- Hazard Symbols — https://learnposters.com/p/hazard-symbols — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hazard-symbols.pdf — A 9-row table: Symbol · Means. The GHS pictograms, and what each one requires of you.
- Apparatus — https://learnposters.com/p/apparatus-and-uses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/apparatus-and-uses.pdf — A 6-row table: Apparatus · For · Precision. Which piece of glassware for which job, and its precision.
- Standard Solutions — https://learnposters.com/p/making-a-standard-solution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/making-a-standard-solution.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Preparing a solution of accurately known concentration.
- Purification — https://learnposters.com/p/filtration-and-recrystallisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/filtration-and-recrystallisation.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Separating and purifying a solid product.
- Distillation — https://learnposters.com/p/distillation-techniques — https://learnposters.com/pdf/distillation-techniques.pdf — Simple distillation against Fractional distillation, side by side. Simple against fractional, and when each is appropriate.
- Measuring Rate — https://learnposters.com/p/measuring-rate-experimentally — https://learnposters.com/pdf/measuring-rate-experimentally.pdf — A 6-row table: Method · Measures · Suits. The practical methods, and what each suits.
- Calorimetry — https://learnposters.com/p/calorimetry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/calorimetry.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Measuring enthalpy change, and correcting for heat loss.
- Qualitative Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/qualitative-analysis-scheme — https://learnposters.com/pdf/qualitative-analysis-scheme.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. A systematic scheme for identifying an unknown salt.
- Organic Practical — https://learnposters.com/p/organic-practical-technique — https://learnposters.com/pdf/organic-practical-technique.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The standard sequence for preparing and purifying an organic product.
- Building a Cell — https://learnposters.com/p/electrochemical-cells-practical — https://learnposters.com/pdf/electrochemical-cells-practical.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Setting up an electrochemical cell and measuring EMF.
- Graphs in Chemistry — https://learnposters.com/p/chemistry-graphs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chemistry-graphs.pdf — A 6-row table: Plot · Gradient is. Plotting and interpreting the standard graph types.
- The Lab Report — https://learnposters.com/p/writing-a-lab-report — https://learnposters.com/pdf/writing-a-lab-report.pdf — A 8-row table: Section · Contains. The structure, and what belongs in each section.
- Evaluating an Experiment — https://learnposters.com/p/evaluating-an-experiment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/evaluating-an-experiment.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. How to write an evaluation that earns marks.

#### Calculations — Moles, concentrations, yields and equilibria.

- Mole Calculations — https://learnposters.com/p/mole-calculations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mole-calculations.pdf — A 5-row table: From · Formula. The four routes into and out of moles, in one place.
- Percentage Yield — https://learnposters.com/p/percentage-yield — https://learnposters.com/pdf/percentage-yield.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Comparing what you got with what was theoretically possible.
- Atom Economy — https://learnposters.com/p/atom-economy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/atom-economy.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How much of the reactant mass ends up in the desired product.
- Limiting Reactant — https://learnposters.com/p/limiting-reactant — https://learnposters.com/pdf/limiting-reactant.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Identifying which reactant runs out first.
- Concentration — https://learnposters.com/p/concentration-conversions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/concentration-conversions.pdf — A 6-row table: From → to · Do. Converting between the units concentration appears in.
- Dilutions — https://learnposters.com/p/dilution-calculations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dilution-calculations.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The dilution equation, and serial dilutions.
- Formula from Data — https://learnposters.com/p/empirical-formula-calcs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/empirical-formula-calcs.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Deriving formulae from mass, percentage or combustion data.
- Gas Volumes — https://learnposters.com/p/gas-volume-calculations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gas-volume-calculations.pdf — A 4-row table: Condition · Definition · Molar volume. Calculating gas volumes at RTP, STP and other conditions.
- Back Titrations — https://learnposters.com/p/titration-back-titration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/titration-back-titration.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. When the substance cannot be titrated directly.
- Significant Figures — https://learnposters.com/p/significant-figures-chem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/significant-figures-chem.pdf — A 5-row table: Number · Sig figs · Why. How many to give, and when to round.
- Equilibrium Calculations — https://learnposters.com/p/equilibrium-calculations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/equilibrium-calculations.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Using an ICE table to find Kc or an equilibrium concentration.
- Energetics Calculations — https://learnposters.com/p/energetics-calculations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/energetics-calculations.pdf — A 4-row table: Method · Formula. The three routes to an enthalpy change.
- Balancing Redox — https://learnposters.com/p/redox-half-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/redox-half-equations.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Constructing and combining half equations in acid solution.
- Formula Summary — https://learnposters.com/p/chemistry-formula-sheet — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chemistry-formula-sheet.pdf — A 11-row table: Quantity · Formula. Every equation a chemistry course expects you to apply, in one place.

### Physics (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/physics — The laws, equations and derivations a physics degree is built on.

#### Mechanics — Motion, forces, energy and momentum.

- The SUVAT Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/suvat-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/suvat-equations.pdf — A 5-row table: Equation · Missing. The four kinematic equations, and when each is the right one.
- Newton's Laws — https://learnposters.com/p/newtons-laws — https://learnposters.com/pdf/newtons-laws.pdf — A 3-row table: Law · States. The three laws, stated precisely, and the common misreadings.
- Free Body Diagrams — https://learnposters.com/p/forces-and-free-body — https://learnposters.com/pdf/forces-and-free-body.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Drawing forces correctly, and resolving them.
- Momentum — https://learnposters.com/p/momentum-and-impulse — https://learnposters.com/pdf/momentum-and-impulse.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Conservation of momentum, and how impulse relates to it.
- Work, Energy & Power — https://learnposters.com/p/work-energy-power — https://learnposters.com/pdf/work-energy-power.pdf — A 6-row table: Quantity · Formula · Unit. The definitions, and the relationships between them.
- Circular Motion — https://learnposters.com/p/circular-motion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/circular-motion.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why circular motion requires a force, and where it points.
- Gravitation — https://learnposters.com/p/gravitation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gravitation.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Newton's law, gravitational fields, and orbital motion.
- Simple Harmonic Motion — https://learnposters.com/p/simple-harmonic-motion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/simple-harmonic-motion.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The defining condition, and the equations that follow.
- Moments — https://learnposters.com/p/moments-and-equilibrium — https://learnposters.com/pdf/moments-and-equilibrium.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Turning effect, and the two conditions for equilibrium.
- Stress & Strain — https://learnposters.com/p/materials-stress-strain — https://learnposters.com/pdf/materials-stress-strain.pdf — A 5-row table: Point · Means. The stress-strain curve, and the points marked on it.
- Material Behaviour — https://learnposters.com/p/materials-properties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/materials-properties.pdf — A 7-row table: Term · Means. The vocabulary for how materials fail, and what each word means.
- Projectiles — https://learnposters.com/p/projectile-motion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/projectile-motion.pdf — 4 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Separating horizontal and vertical motion, and why it works.
- Motion Graphs — https://learnposters.com/p/motion-graphs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/motion-graphs.pdf — A 5-row table: Graph · Gradient · Area. Reading gradient and area, and converting between graph types.
- Friction & Drag — https://learnposters.com/p/friction-and-drag — https://learnposters.com/pdf/friction-and-drag.pdf — Friction against Drag, side by side. Static against kinetic friction, and why drag is different.
- Rotational Motion — https://learnposters.com/p/rotational-mechanics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rotational-mechanics.pdf — A 8-row table: Linear · Rotational. The rotational analogues of the linear quantities.

#### Thermodynamics — Heat, work, entropy and the laws.

- The Laws of Thermodynamics — https://learnposters.com/p/laws-of-thermodynamics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/laws-of-thermodynamics.pdf — A 4-row table: Law · States. All four laws, stated plainly.
- Internal Energy — https://learnposters.com/p/internal-energy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/internal-energy.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What internal energy is, and how it changes.
- Heat Capacity & Latent Heat — https://learnposters.com/p/specific-heat-latent-heat — https://learnposters.com/pdf/specific-heat-latent-heat.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two different calculations, and when to use each.
- Kinetic Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/kinetic-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kinetic-theory.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What an ideal gas assumes, and what temperature actually measures.
- The Gas Laws — https://learnposters.com/p/gas-laws-physics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gas-laws-physics.pdf — A 5-row table: Relationship · Holds constant. The individual laws and the ideal gas equation in both forms.
- Heat Transfer — https://learnposters.com/p/heat-transfer — https://learnposters.com/pdf/heat-transfer.pdf — A 3-row table: Mode · Needs · Depends on. The three mechanisms, and what each requires.
- Heat Engines — https://learnposters.com/p/heat-engines — https://learnposters.com/pdf/heat-engines.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why no engine can be 100% efficient, and what sets the limit.
- Entropy — https://learnposters.com/p/entropy-physics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/entropy-physics.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The statistical and thermodynamic definitions, and how they connect.
- Thermal Equilibrium — https://learnposters.com/p/thermal-equilibrium — https://learnposters.com/pdf/thermal-equilibrium.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What equilibrium means, and how temperature is defined from it.
- Thermodynamic Processes — https://learnposters.com/p/thermodynamic-processes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/thermodynamic-processes.pdf — A 4-row table: Process · Constant · Consequence. The four named processes, and what is held constant in each.
- Phase Diagrams — https://learnposters.com/p/phase-diagrams — https://learnposters.com/pdf/phase-diagrams.pdf — A 6-row table: Feature · Is. Reading a pressure-temperature diagram, and the special points.
- Thermal Expansion — https://learnposters.com/p/thermal-expansion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/thermal-expansion.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why materials expand, and the three coefficients.
- Thermal Measurements — https://learnposters.com/p/thermal-physics-practical — https://learnposters.com/pdf/thermal-physics-practical.pdf — 5 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Measuring specific heat capacity and latent heat in the laboratory.
- Energy Resources — https://learnposters.com/p/energy-resources — https://learnposters.com/pdf/energy-resources.pdf — A 6-row table: Source · Efficiency · Note. The sources, their conversion efficiency and their limits.

#### Electromagnetism — Fields, circuits and Maxwell's equations.

- Circuit Basics — https://learnposters.com/p/electric-circuits-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/electric-circuits-basics.pdf — A 4-row table: Quantity · Series · Parallel. Current, voltage and resistance, and how they relate.
- Kirchhoff's Laws — https://learnposters.com/p/kirchhoffs-laws — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kirchhoffs-laws.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The two conservation laws that solve any circuit.
- EMF & Internal Resistance — https://learnposters.com/p/emf-internal-resistance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/emf-internal-resistance.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why terminal voltage is less than EMF, and how to measure both.
- Electric Fields — https://learnposters.com/p/electric-fields — https://learnposters.com/pdf/electric-fields.pdf — A 4-row table: Quantity · Radial (point charge) · Uniform (plates). Field strength, potential, and the two field geometries.
- Capacitance — https://learnposters.com/p/capacitance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/capacitance.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What a capacitor stores, and how it charges.
- Magnetic Fields — https://learnposters.com/p/magnetic-fields — https://learnposters.com/pdf/magnetic-fields.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The force on a current and on a moving charge, and the hand rules.
- Electromagnetic Induction — https://learnposters.com/p/electromagnetic-induction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/electromagnetic-induction.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Faraday's and Lenz's laws, and what the minus sign means.
- Transformers — https://learnposters.com/p/transformers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transformers.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The turns ratio, and why transformers only work on AC.
- AC Circuits — https://learnposters.com/p/ac-circuits — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ac-circuits.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. RMS values, and why they are what meters read.
- The EM Spectrum — https://learnposters.com/p/electromagnetic-spectrum — https://learnposters.com/pdf/electromagnetic-spectrum.pdf — A 7-row table: Type · Wavelength · Use. The whole spectrum, with wavelengths and uses.
- Motors & Generators — https://learnposters.com/p/motors-and-generators — https://learnposters.com/pdf/motors-and-generators.pdf — Motor against Generator, side by side. The same machine run in two directions.
- Charged Particles in Fields — https://learnposters.com/p/particles-in-fields — https://learnposters.com/pdf/particles-in-fields.pdf — Electric field against Magnetic field, side by side. How electric and magnetic fields deflect charges differently.
- Resistivity — https://learnposters.com/p/resistivity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/resistivity.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The material property behind resistance, and what changes it.
- Potential Dividers — https://learnposters.com/p/potential-dividers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/potential-dividers.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Splitting a voltage, and using sensors in a divider.
- The Photoelectric Effect — https://learnposters.com/p/photoelectric-effect — https://learnposters.com/pdf/photoelectric-effect.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The observations that classical wave theory could not explain.

#### Waves & optics — Oscillation, interference and light.

- Wave Properties — https://learnposters.com/p/wave-properties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/wave-properties.pdf — A 6-row table: Quantity · Is · Unit. The quantities describing any wave, and how they relate.
- Types of Wave — https://learnposters.com/p/transverse-longitudinal — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transverse-longitudinal.pdf — Transverse against Longitudinal, side by side. Transverse against longitudinal, and what polarisation reveals.
- Superposition — https://learnposters.com/p/superposition-interference — https://learnposters.com/pdf/superposition-interference.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What happens when waves meet, and the condition for interference.
- Young's Double Slit — https://learnposters.com/p/youngs-double-slit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/youngs-double-slit.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The experiment that established the wave nature of light.
- Diffraction Gratings — https://learnposters.com/p/diffraction-gratings — https://learnposters.com/pdf/diffraction-gratings.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why a grating gives sharper maxima than two slits.
- Standing Waves — https://learnposters.com/p/standing-waves — https://learnposters.com/pdf/standing-waves.pdf — A 4-row table: Harmonic · Wavelength · Nodes. How they form, and where the nodes and antinodes sit.
- Refraction — https://learnposters.com/p/refraction-and-snell — https://learnposters.com/pdf/refraction-and-snell.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why waves bend, and Snell's law.
- Total Internal Reflection — https://learnposters.com/p/total-internal-reflection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/total-internal-reflection.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The critical angle, and the technology built on it.
- Lenses — https://learnposters.com/p/lenses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lenses.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The lens equation, magnification, and the sign convention.
- The Doppler Effect — https://learnposters.com/p/doppler-effect — https://learnposters.com/pdf/doppler-effect.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why an approaching source sounds higher, and the astronomical version.
- Sound — https://learnposters.com/p/sound-and-intensity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sound-and-intensity.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How sound intensity is measured, and why the scale is logarithmic.
- Polarisation — https://learnposters.com/p/polarisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/polarisation.pdf — A 4-row table: Method · How. What polarisation is, and the ways it is produced.
- Wave-Particle Duality — https://learnposters.com/p/wave-particle-duality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/wave-particle-duality.pdf — Evidence for waves against Evidence for particles, side by side. The evidence on both sides, and the de Broglie relation.
- Optical Instruments — https://learnposters.com/p/optical-instruments — https://learnposters.com/pdf/optical-instruments.pdf — A 6-row table: Instrument · Arrangement. How the standard instruments are built from lenses and mirrors.

#### Quantum — States, operators and the key results.

- What Quantum Mechanics Claims — https://learnposters.com/p/quantum-postulates — https://learnposters.com/pdf/quantum-postulates.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The core departures from classical physics, stated plainly.
- Energy Levels — https://learnposters.com/p/energy-levels — https://learnposters.com/pdf/energy-levels.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why atoms emit at specific wavelengths only.
- The Uncertainty Principle — https://learnposters.com/p/uncertainty-principle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/uncertainty-principle.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What it does and does not say.
- The Wavefunction — https://learnposters.com/p/wavefunction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/wavefunction.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What ψ is, and what its square means.
- Particle in a Box — https://learnposters.com/p/particle-in-a-box — https://learnposters.com/pdf/particle-in-a-box.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The simplest bound system, and why it is the model for everything else.
- Tunnelling — https://learnposters.com/p/quantum-tunnelling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/quantum-tunnelling.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Passing through a barrier without the energy to climb it.
- Spin & the Exclusion Principle — https://learnposters.com/p/spin-and-pauli — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spin-and-pauli.pdf — Fermions against Bosons, side by side. The quantum number with no classical analogue, and its consequence.
- Quantum Numbers — https://learnposters.com/p/atomic-orbitals-quantum — https://learnposters.com/pdf/atomic-orbitals-quantum.pdf — A 4-row table: Number · Describes · Values. The four numbers that specify an electron's state.
- Blackbody Radiation — https://learnposters.com/p/blackbody-radiation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/blackbody-radiation.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The problem that started quantum theory.
- The Nucleus — https://learnposters.com/p/nuclear-structure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nuclear-structure.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What holds it together, and why it has a size limit.
- Radioactive Decay — https://learnposters.com/p/radioactive-decay — https://learnposters.com/pdf/radioactive-decay.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · Emits · Penetration. The three decay modes and the exponential law.
- Mass-Energy & Binding — https://learnposters.com/p/mass-energy-nuclear — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mass-energy-nuclear.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why fusion and fission both release energy.
- The Standard Model — https://learnposters.com/p/particle-standard-model — https://learnposters.com/pdf/particle-standard-model.pdf — A 4-row table: Group · Members. The full inventory of fundamental particles.
- Conservation Laws — https://learnposters.com/p/conservation-in-particles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/conservation-in-particles.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What must balance in any particle interaction.
- Quantum Technologies — https://learnposters.com/p/quantum-technologies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/quantum-technologies.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Where quantum effects are already engineering, not theory.

#### Relativity — Special relativity and its consequences.

- Special Relativity — https://learnposters.com/p/special-relativity-postulates — https://learnposters.com/pdf/special-relativity-postulates.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two postulates, and everything that follows from them.
- Time Dilation — https://learnposters.com/p/time-dilation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/time-dilation.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Moving clocks run slow, and the experiments that show it.
- Length Contraction — https://learnposters.com/p/length-contraction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/length-contraction.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Moving objects are shorter along the direction of motion.
- Relativity of Simultaneity — https://learnposters.com/p/simultaneity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/simultaneity.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Two events simultaneous in one frame are not in another.
- Mass-Energy Equivalence — https://learnposters.com/p/mass-energy-equivalence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mass-energy-equivalence.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What E = mc² actually asserts.
- Relativistic Momentum — https://learnposters.com/p/relativistic-momentum — https://learnposters.com/pdf/relativistic-momentum.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why particles approach c but never reach it.
- Spacetime — https://learnposters.com/p/spacetime — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spacetime.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The single structure that replaces separate space and time.
- General Relativity — https://learnposters.com/p/general-relativity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/general-relativity.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Gravity as geometry rather than force.
- Gravitational Time Dilation — https://learnposters.com/p/gravitational-time-dilation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gravitational-time-dilation.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Clocks run slower deeper in a gravitational field.
- Black Holes — https://learnposters.com/p/black-holes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/black-holes.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What the event horizon is, and what it is not.
- Cosmology — https://learnposters.com/p/cosmology-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cosmology-basics.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. The expanding universe, and the evidence for it.
- Stellar Evolution — https://learnposters.com/p/stellar-evolution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stellar-evolution.pdf — A 4-row table: Initial mass · Ends as · Via. How a star's mass decides its whole life and its end.
- Relativity in Daily Life — https://learnposters.com/p/relativity-everyday — https://learnposters.com/pdf/relativity-everyday.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Where relativistic effects are already engineered into technology.

#### Methods — Units, errors, approximation and problem solving.

- SI Units — https://learnposters.com/p/si-units-physics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/si-units-physics.pdf — A 7-row table: Quantity · Unit · Symbol. The seven base units and how every other unit derives from them.
- Dimensional Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/dimensional-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dimensional-analysis.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Checking an equation before trusting the number it gives.
- Uncertainty — https://learnposters.com/p/uncertainty-in-measurement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/uncertainty-in-measurement.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How to state a measurement honestly, and how uncertainty propagates.
- Accuracy & Precision — https://learnposters.com/p/accuracy-precision — https://learnposters.com/pdf/accuracy-precision.pdf — Accuracy against Precision, side by side. Two different things that are routinely confused.
- Graphs — https://learnposters.com/p/graphs-in-physics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/graphs-in-physics.pdf — 6 numbered steps. How to plot data so the relationship is visible and testable.
- Linearising Relationships — https://learnposters.com/p/linearising-data — https://learnposters.com/pdf/linearising-data.pdf — A 5-row table: Relationship · Plot · Gradient. Turning curves into straight lines you can actually test.
- Designing an Experiment — https://learnposters.com/p/experimental-design-physics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/experimental-design-physics.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Building an experiment that can actually answer the question.
- Reducing Uncertainty — https://learnposters.com/p/reducing-uncertainty — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reducing-uncertainty.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Practical techniques that improve a measurement.
- Significant Figures — https://learnposters.com/p/significant-figures-physics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/significant-figures-physics.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Carrying the right precision through a calculation.
- Physical Constants — https://learnposters.com/p/physics-constants — https://learnposters.com/pdf/physics-constants.pdf — A 7-row table: Constant · Symbol · Value. The constants that recur across every branch of physics.
- Orders of Magnitude — https://learnposters.com/p/orders-of-magnitude — https://learnposters.com/pdf/orders-of-magnitude.pdf — A 7-row table: Scale · Size. Estimating to the nearest power of ten, and why it is a real skill.
- Modelling Assumptions — https://learnposters.com/p/modelling-assumptions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/modelling-assumptions.pdf — A 6-row table: Assumption · Breaks when. The simplifications physics makes, and when each one breaks.
- Analysing Results — https://learnposters.com/p/data-analysis-physics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/data-analysis-physics.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Turning measurements into a defensible conclusion.
- Physics Lab Safety — https://learnposters.com/p/safety-in-the-lab — https://learnposters.com/pdf/safety-in-the-lab.pdf — A 6-row table: Hazard · Control. The specific hazards of a physics laboratory.

### Mathematics (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/mathematics — The definitions, theorems and techniques of a maths degree.

#### Calculus — Limits, derivatives, integrals and series.

- Limits & Continuity — https://learnposters.com/p/limits-and-continuity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/limits-and-continuity.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The limit laws, and the three conditions continuity actually requires.
- Derivative Rules — https://learnposters.com/p/derivative-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/derivative-rules.pdf — A 7-row table: Function · Derivative. Every differentiation rule a first course expects on recall.
- The Chain Rule — https://learnposters.com/p/chain-rule — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chain-rule.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Differentiating a composition, and the factor everyone drops.
- Implicit Differentiation — https://learnposters.com/p/implicit-differentiation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/implicit-differentiation.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Finding dy/dx for a curve where y is never isolated.
- The Mean Value Theorem — https://learnposters.com/p/mean-value-theorem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mean-value-theorem.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The theorem behind almost every result about derivatives, hypotheses included.
- L'Hopital's Rule — https://learnposters.com/p/lhopitals-rule — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lhopitals-rule.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Resolving an indeterminate limit by differentiating top and bottom separately.
- Standard Integrals — https://learnposters.com/p/standard-integrals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/standard-integrals.pdf — A 7-row table: Integrand · Integral. The antiderivatives worth knowing without looking anything up.
- Integration by Parts — https://learnposters.com/p/integration-by-parts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/integration-by-parts.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The product rule run backwards, with the rule for choosing u.
- Trig Substitution — https://learnposters.com/p/trig-substitution — https://learnposters.com/pdf/trig-substitution.pdf — A 5-row table: Expression · Substitute · Becomes. Which substitution clears which square root, and what it leaves behind.
- Partial Fractions — https://learnposters.com/p/partial-fractions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/partial-fractions.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Splitting a rational function into pieces you already know how to integrate.
- Fundamental Theorem — https://learnposters.com/p/fundamental-theorem-calculus — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fundamental-theorem-calculus.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The two halves that make differentiation and integration inverse operations.
- Taylor Series — https://learnposters.com/p/taylor-series — https://learnposters.com/pdf/taylor-series.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Matching a function with the polynomial whose derivatives agree at a point.
- Convergence Tests — https://learnposters.com/p/series-convergence-tests — https://learnposters.com/pdf/series-convergence-tests.pdf — A 7-row table: Test · Use when · Verdict. Which test to reach for, in the order worth trying them.
- Partial Derivatives — https://learnposters.com/p/partial-derivatives — https://learnposters.com/pdf/partial-derivatives.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Gradients, directional derivatives and what they tell you geometrically.
- Vector Calculus Theorems — https://learnposters.com/p/vector-calculus-theorems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/vector-calculus-theorems.pdf — A 4-row table: Theorem · Relates · Requires. Green, Stokes and the divergence theorem, and what each one relates.

#### Linear algebra — Vectors, matrices, eigenvalues and spaces.

- Matrix Multiplication — https://learnposters.com/p/matrix-multiplication — https://learnposters.com/pdf/matrix-multiplication.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How the product is formed, which shapes are legal, and why order matters.
- Gaussian Elimination — https://learnposters.com/p/gaussian-elimination — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gaussian-elimination.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Row reduction, and how to read the answer off the echelon form.
- Determinant Properties — https://learnposters.com/p/determinant-properties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/determinant-properties.pdf — A 7-row table: Operation · Effect on det(A). How row operations and products change a determinant.
- The Matrix Inverse — https://learnposters.com/p/matrix-inverse — https://learnposters.com/pdf/matrix-inverse.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. When an inverse exists, how to find one, and the order rule for products.
- Vector Space Axioms — https://learnposters.com/p/vector-space-axioms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/vector-space-axioms.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The full axiom list, in the two groups it naturally falls into.
- The Subspace Test — https://learnposters.com/p/subspace-test — https://learnposters.com/pdf/subspace-test.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Three checks that replace verifying all ten vector space axioms.
- Basis & Dimension — https://learnposters.com/p/basis-and-dimension — https://learnposters.com/pdf/basis-and-dimension.pdf — A 5-row table: Set of vectors · Independent · Spans V. How independence, spanning and dimension constrain each other.
- Rank-Nullity Theorem — https://learnposters.com/p/rank-nullity-theorem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rank-nullity-theorem.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The conservation law relating the image and the kernel of a linear map.
- Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors — https://learnposters.com/p/eigenvalues-eigenvectors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/eigenvalues-eigenvectors.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The full procedure, plus the checks that catch an arithmetic slip.
- Diagonalisation — https://learnposters.com/p/diagonalisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/diagonalisation.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Writing A as PDP inverse, and when that is not possible.
- Dot & Cross Product — https://learnposters.com/p/dot-and-cross-product — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dot-and-cross-product.pdf — Dot product against Cross product, side by side. Two products: different outputs, different geometry, different laws.
- Gram-Schmidt — https://learnposters.com/p/gram-schmidt — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gram-schmidt.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Turning any basis into an orthonormal one spanning the same space.
- Special Matrices — https://learnposters.com/p/special-matrices — https://learnposters.com/pdf/special-matrices.pdf — A 7-row table: Name · Definition · Key property. Named matrix types, their definitions and the property each one buys you.
- Linear Transformations — https://learnposters.com/p/linear-transformations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/linear-transformations.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What makes a map linear, and the four subspaces every matrix carries.
- Singular Value Decomposition — https://learnposters.com/p/singular-value-decomposition — https://learnposters.com/pdf/singular-value-decomposition.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The factorisation that exists for every matrix, square or not.

#### Discrete mathematics — Logic, sets, combinatorics and graphs.

- Truth Tables — https://learnposters.com/p/logic-truth-tables — https://learnposters.com/pdf/logic-truth-tables.pdf — A 4-row table: p, q · p ∧ q · p ∨ q · p → q. The four core connectives on all four assignments of p and q.
- Logical Equivalences — https://learnposters.com/p/logical-equivalences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/logical-equivalences.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The rewrites that are valid, beside the ones that look valid and are not.
- Quantifiers & Negation — https://learnposters.com/p/quantifiers-and-negation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/quantifiers-and-negation.pdf — A 5-row table: Statement · Its negation. How to negate a quantified statement without changing its meaning.
- Proof by Induction — https://learnposters.com/p/proof-by-induction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/proof-by-induction.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The five parts of a complete induction, and where marks are lost.
- Proof Techniques — https://learnposters.com/p/proof-techniques — https://learnposters.com/pdf/proof-techniques.pdf — A 7-row table: Technique · Assume · Establish. Six standard shapes of proof, with what each one assumes and produces.
- Set Operations — https://learnposters.com/p/set-operations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/set-operations.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The operations, and the identities worth recognising on sight.
- Counting Principles — https://learnposters.com/p/counting-principles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/counting-principles.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. When to multiply and when to add, and the two questions that decide.
- Permutations vs Combinations — https://learnposters.com/p/permutations-vs-combinations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/permutations-vs-combinations.pdf — Permutations against Combinations, side by side. The single question that separates the two, with the formulas either side.
- The Binomial Theorem — https://learnposters.com/p/binomial-theorem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/binomial-theorem.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The expansion of a binomial power, and where Pascal's triangle comes from.
- Pigeonhole Principle — https://learnposters.com/p/pigeonhole-principle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pigeonhole-principle.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The cheapest existence argument in maths, plus its generalised form.
- Inclusion-Exclusion — https://learnposters.com/p/inclusion-exclusion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/inclusion-exclusion.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Counting a union without double counting the overlaps.
- Recurrence Relations — https://learnposters.com/p/recurrence-relations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/recurrence-relations.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Solving a linear recurrence with constant coefficients, in closed form.
- Graph Vocabulary — https://learnposters.com/p/graph-theory-vocabulary — https://learnposters.com/pdf/graph-theory-vocabulary.pdf — A definition and 7 facts worth remembering. The definitions and counting facts every graph question assumes.
- Euler & Hamiltonian Paths — https://learnposters.com/p/euler-and-hamiltonian-paths — https://learnposters.com/pdf/euler-and-hamiltonian-paths.pdf — Euler path against Hamiltonian path, side by side. Two similar-sounding conditions with wildly different difficulty.

#### Probability & statistics — Distributions, inference and estimation.

- Probability Axioms — https://learnposters.com/p/probability-axioms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/probability-axioms.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Kolmogorov's three axioms, and the results that follow from them.
- Conditional Probability — https://learnposters.com/p/conditional-probability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/conditional-probability.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Probability rescaled to the world in which one event has happened.
- Bayes' Theorem — https://learnposters.com/p/bayes-theorem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bayes-theorem.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Turning a prior belief into a posterior one using the evidence.
- Discrete vs Continuous — https://learnposters.com/p/discrete-vs-continuous-variables — https://learnposters.com/pdf/discrete-vs-continuous-variables.pdf — Discrete against Continuous, side by side. How the two kinds of random variable differ in every operation.
- Expectation & Variance — https://learnposters.com/p/expectation-and-variance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/expectation-and-variance.pdf — A 7-row table: Expression · Equals. The algebra of means and variances, and where independence is needed.
- Discrete Distributions — https://learnposters.com/p/discrete-distributions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/discrete-distributions.pdf — A 6-row table: Distribution · Mean · Variance. The standard count distributions with their means and variances.
- Continuous Distributions — https://learnposters.com/p/continuous-distributions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/continuous-distributions.pdf — A 6-row table: Distribution · Mean · Variance. The standard densities, with the first two moments of each.
- Central Limit Theorem — https://learnposters.com/p/central-limit-theorem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/central-limit-theorem.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What becomes normal, under what conditions, and what does not.
- Confidence Intervals — https://learnposters.com/p/confidence-intervals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/confidence-intervals.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Constructing an interval estimate, and stating what it really claims.
- Significance Testing — https://learnposters.com/p/significance-testing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/significance-testing.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The frequentist test in order, with what a p-value does and does not say.
- Type I & Type II Errors — https://learnposters.com/p/type-i-and-type-ii-errors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/type-i-and-type-ii-errors.pdf — Type I error against Type II error, side by side. The two ways a test can be wrong, and the trade-off between them.
- Maximum Likelihood — https://learnposters.com/p/maximum-likelihood-estimation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/maximum-likelihood-estimation.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The estimation method behind most of statistics, in five steps.
- Estimator Properties — https://learnposters.com/p/estimator-properties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/estimator-properties.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The four properties an estimator is judged on, and how they interact.
- Covariance & Correlation — https://learnposters.com/p/covariance-and-correlation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/covariance-and-correlation.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two measures of joint variation, and the dependence neither one sees.

#### Analysis — Rigour: sequences, continuity and convergence.

- Epsilon-Delta Limits — https://learnposters.com/p/epsilon-delta-definition — https://learnposters.com/pdf/epsilon-delta-definition.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The definition of a limit, with the order of the quantifiers made explicit.
- Sequence Convergence — https://learnposters.com/p/sequence-convergence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sequence-convergence.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What convergence requires, and the intuitions that do not survive it.
- Supremum & Infimum — https://learnposters.com/p/supremum-and-infimum — https://learnposters.com/pdf/supremum-and-infimum.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Least upper bounds, and the property that separates the reals from the rationals.
- Cauchy Sequences — https://learnposters.com/p/cauchy-sequences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cauchy-sequences.pdf — Convergent against Cauchy, side by side. Convergence without naming a limit, and what completeness buys you.
- Bolzano-Weierstrass — https://learnposters.com/p/bolzano-weierstrass — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bolzano-weierstrass.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Every bounded sequence has a convergent subsequence, and what that does not say.
- Continuity Theorems — https://learnposters.com/p/continuity-theorems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/continuity-theorems.pdf — A 5-row table: Theorem · Hypotheses · Conclusion. The four results that a closed bounded interval buys you.
- Uniform Continuity — https://learnposters.com/p/uniform-continuity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/uniform-continuity.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. One delta for the whole domain, and why compactness gives it free.
- Differentiable vs Continuous — https://learnposters.com/p/differentiability-vs-continuity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/differentiability-vs-continuity.pdf — Continuous at a against Differentiable at a, side by side. One implies the other, in exactly one direction.
- Riemann Integrability — https://learnposters.com/p/riemann-integrability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/riemann-integrability.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. When upper and lower sums meet, and when they never do.
- Absolute vs Conditional — https://learnposters.com/p/absolute-vs-conditional-convergence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/absolute-vs-conditional-convergence.pdf — Absolute convergence against Conditional convergence, side by side. Two kinds of convergent series, one of which survives rearrangement.
- Radius of Convergence — https://learnposters.com/p/power-series-radius — https://learnposters.com/pdf/power-series-radius.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Finding where a power series converges, endpoints included.
- Uniform Convergence — https://learnposters.com/p/uniform-convergence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/uniform-convergence.pdf — A 5-row table: Question · Pointwise · Uniform. What uniform convergence preserves and pointwise convergence loses.
- Open & Closed Sets — https://learnposters.com/p/open-and-closed-sets — https://learnposters.com/pdf/open-and-closed-sets.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The two definitions, their closure properties, and why they are not opposites.
- Compactness — https://learnposters.com/p/compactness — https://learnposters.com/pdf/compactness.pdf — A 6-row table: Statement · Status. The equivalent characterisations, and where the familiar one stops working.

#### Abstract algebra — Groups, rings and fields.

- Group Axioms — https://learnposters.com/p/group-axioms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/group-axioms.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The four axioms, and the facts that follow before you prove anything else.
- The Subgroup Test — https://learnposters.com/p/subgroup-test — https://learnposters.com/pdf/subgroup-test.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. One condition that replaces re-checking every group axiom.
- Cyclic Groups — https://learnposters.com/p/cyclic-groups — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cyclic-groups.pdf — A definition and 7 facts worth remembering. The simplest groups there are, and the complete list of their subgroups.
- Lagrange's Theorem — https://learnposters.com/p/lagranges-theorem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lagranges-theorem.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The divisibility constraint that rules out most candidate subgroups.
- Cosets & Normal Subgroups — https://learnposters.com/p/cosets-and-normal-subgroups — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cosets-and-normal-subgroups.pdf — Cosets in general against Normal subgroups, side by side. What cosets always do, and the extra condition that makes them a group.
- Quotient Groups — https://learnposters.com/p/quotient-groups — https://learnposters.com/pdf/quotient-groups.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Constructing G/H, and why normality is what makes it well defined.
- Group Homomorphisms — https://learnposters.com/p/group-homomorphisms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/group-homomorphisms.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Structure-preserving maps, and the kernel test for injectivity.
- First Isomorphism Theorem — https://learnposters.com/p/first-isomorphism-theorem — https://learnposters.com/pdf/first-isomorphism-theorem.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The result that identifies every homomorphic image as a quotient.
- The Symmetric Group — https://learnposters.com/p/symmetric-group — https://learnposters.com/pdf/symmetric-group.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Permutations in cycle notation, with order and parity read straight off.
- Common Finite Groups — https://learnposters.com/p/common-finite-groups — https://learnposters.com/pdf/common-finite-groups.pdf — A 7-row table: Group · Order · Notes. The standard examples every conjecture should be tested against first.
- Rings, Domains & Fields — https://learnposters.com/p/ring-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ring-types.pdf — A 5-row table: Structure · Adds · Example. The ladder of ring structures, one added requirement per rung.
- Ideals & Quotient Rings — https://learnposters.com/p/ideals-and-quotient-rings — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ideals-and-quotient-rings.pdf — 5 numbered steps. What an ideal absorbs, and which ones give domains, which fields.
- Polynomial Rings — https://learnposters.com/p/polynomial-rings — https://learnposters.com/pdf/polynomial-rings.pdf — A definition and 7 facts worth remembering. What F[x] inherits from F, and how irreducibility builds new fields.
- Modular Arithmetic — https://learnposters.com/p/modular-arithmetic — https://learnposters.com/pdf/modular-arithmetic.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Arithmetic on remainders, and exactly when division is allowed.

#### Differential equations — ODEs, PDEs and the standard methods.

- Separable Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/first-order-separable — https://learnposters.com/pdf/first-order-separable.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Separating the variables, and the solutions that step loses.
- The Integrating Factor — https://learnposters.com/p/integrating-factor — https://learnposters.com/pdf/integrating-factor.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The standard method for a first-order linear equation, in order.
- Exact Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/exact-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/exact-equations.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The cross-partial test, and what to do when it fails.
- Second-Order Linear ODEs — https://learnposters.com/p/second-order-linear-odes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/second-order-linear-odes.pdf — A 4-row table: Discriminant · Roots m · General solution. The three root cases of the auxiliary equation, and their solutions.
- Undetermined Coefficients — https://learnposters.com/p/undetermined-coefficients — https://learnposters.com/pdf/undetermined-coefficients.pdf — A 6-row table: Forcing term f(x) · Trial particular integral. The trial form to guess for each kind of forcing term.
- Variation of Parameters — https://learnposters.com/p/variation-of-parameters — https://learnposters.com/pdf/variation-of-parameters.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The general method for a particular integral, and the Wronskian it needs.
- Laplace Transforms — https://learnposters.com/p/laplace-transform-table — https://learnposters.com/pdf/laplace-transform-table.pdf — A 7-row table: f(t) · Its transform F(s). The transforms worth knowing, including the two derivative rules.
- Solving ODEs by Laplace — https://learnposters.com/p/solving-odes-with-laplace — https://learnposters.com/pdf/solving-odes-with-laplace.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The full route from an initial-value problem to y(t).
- Systems of ODEs — https://learnposters.com/p/linear-systems-of-odes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/linear-systems-of-odes.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Solving a constant-coefficient system through the eigenvalues of its matrix.
- Phase Plane Classification — https://learnposters.com/p/phase-plane-classification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/phase-plane-classification.pdf — A 6-row table: Eigenvalues of A · Type · Stability. Reading the behaviour near an equilibrium off the eigenvalues.
- Existence & Uniqueness — https://learnposters.com/p/existence-and-uniqueness-odes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/existence-and-uniqueness-odes.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What guarantees a solution, what guarantees only one, and how local both are.
- Classifying PDEs — https://learnposters.com/p/pde-classification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pde-classification.pdf — A definition and 7 facts worth remembering. Elliptic, parabolic or hyperbolic, and what each type implies.
- Separation of Variables — https://learnposters.com/p/separation-of-variables-pde — https://learnposters.com/pdf/separation-of-variables-pde.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Reducing a PDE to two ODEs, then rebuilding the solution from its modes.
- Fourier Series — https://learnposters.com/p/fourier-series — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fourier-series.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The coefficient formulas, the parity shortcuts, the convergence limits.

### Mechanical Engineering (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/mechanical-engineering — Statics through thermofluids, with the equations that recur.

#### Statics & dynamics — Equilibrium, motion and rigid bodies.

- Drawing a Free Body — https://learnposters.com/p/me-free-body-diagrams — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-free-body-diagrams.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The five-step method that prevents most statics errors.
- Static Equilibrium — https://learnposters.com/p/me-equilibrium-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-equilibrium-equations.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The three scalar equations that solve every determinate 2D problem.
- Supports & Reactions — https://learnposters.com/p/me-supports-and-reactions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-supports-and-reactions.pdf — A 6-row table: Support · Blocks · Unknowns. What each support blocks, and how many unknowns it adds to the problem.
- Determinacy & Redundancy — https://learnposters.com/p/me-static-determinacy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-static-determinacy.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Whether statics alone can solve a structure, or whether it cannot.
- Method of Joints — https://learnposters.com/p/truss-method-of-joints — https://learnposters.com/pdf/truss-method-of-joints.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Solving a pin-jointed truss one joint at a time.
- Joints or Sections? — https://learnposters.com/p/truss-joints-vs-sections — https://learnposters.com/pdf/truss-joints-vs-sections.pdf — Method of joints against Method of sections, side by side. The two truss methods, and which one the question is actually asking for.
- Zero-Force Members — https://learnposters.com/p/me-zero-force-members — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-zero-force-members.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Spotting members that carry nothing, and why they are still in the truss.
- Dry Friction — https://learnposters.com/p/me-dry-friction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-dry-friction.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why friction is an inequality, and what changes when sliding starts.
- Finding a Centroid — https://learnposters.com/p/me-centroids-composite — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-centroids-composite.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The composite-area method: split, locate, weight, sum, divide.
- Area Moment of Inertia — https://learnposters.com/p/me-second-moment-of-area — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-second-moment-of-area.pdf — A 6-row table: Section · Second moment of area. Standard values of I, and the parallel axis rule that moves them.
- Motion Coordinates — https://learnposters.com/p/me-motion-coordinates — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-motion-coordinates.pdf — A 4-row table: System · Use when · Acceleration. Three ways to write velocity and acceleration, and when each is easiest.
- Rigid-Body Kinetics — https://learnposters.com/p/me-rigid-body-kinetics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-rigid-body-kinetics.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The two equations that govern a body which both moves and spins.
- Work-Energy Method — https://learnposters.com/p/me-work-energy-method — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-work-energy-method.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Net work equals change in kinetic energy, translation and rotation together.
- Energy or Momentum? — https://learnposters.com/p/me-energy-or-momentum — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-energy-or-momentum.pdf — Work and energy against Impulse and momentum, side by side. Choosing between the two integrated forms of Newton's second law.
- Free Vibration — https://learnposters.com/p/me-free-vibration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-free-vibration.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Two numbers describe any mount: natural frequency and damping ratio.

#### Mechanics of materials — Stress, strain, beams and failure.

- Axial Stress & Strain — https://learnposters.com/p/axial-stress-and-strain — https://learnposters.com/pdf/axial-stress-and-strain.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Load over area, extension over length, and the modulus that links them.
- Elastic Constants — https://learnposters.com/p/elastic-constants-metals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/elastic-constants-metals.pdf — A 6-row table: Material · E (GPa) · Poisson ratio. Stiffness and Poisson ratio for the metals and polymers you meet first.
- The Tensile Test Curve — https://learnposters.com/p/stress-strain-curve — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stress-strain-curve.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Every strength a datasheet quotes, and where it sits on the curve.
- Drawing Shear & Moment — https://learnposters.com/p/shear-and-moment-diagrams — https://learnposters.com/pdf/shear-and-moment-diagrams.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Six steps to the diagrams, and the relationships that check themselves.
- Beam Bending Stress — https://learnposters.com/p/beam-bending-stress — https://learnposters.com/pdf/beam-bending-stress.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The engineers' bending formula, and what the section modulus buys you.
- Transverse Shear Stress — https://learnposters.com/p/beam-shear-stress — https://learnposters.com/pdf/beam-shear-stress.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Where shear stress peaks in a beam, and why the web carries it.
- Beam Deflection Cases — https://learnposters.com/p/beam-deflection-cases — https://learnposters.com/pdf/beam-deflection-cases.pdf — A 5-row table: Beam and load · Maximum deflection. Maximum deflection for the five standard cases, ready to use.
- Torsion of Shafts — https://learnposters.com/p/torsion-of-shafts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/torsion-of-shafts.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Shear stress and angle of twist in a circular shaft under torque.
- Euler Buckling — https://learnposters.com/p/euler-buckling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/euler-buckling.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why a long strut fails on stiffness and length, not on material strength.
- Mohr's Circle — https://learnposters.com/p/mohrs-circle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mohrs-circle.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Turning a stress state into principal stresses by drawing one circle.
- Von Mises or Tresca? — https://learnposters.com/p/von-mises-vs-tresca — https://learnposters.com/pdf/von-mises-vs-tresca.pdf — Von Mises against Tresca, side by side. The two yield criteria for ductile metals, and where each is used.
- Fatigue — https://learnposters.com/p/fatigue-and-endurance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fatigue-and-endurance.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Cyclic loading, S-N curves and why finish and notches matter so much.
- Stress Concentration — https://learnposters.com/p/stress-concentration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stress-concentration.pdf — A 5-row table: Feature · Typical Kt. How much a hole or a fillet multiplies the stress around it.
- Thin-Wall Pressure Vessels — https://learnposters.com/p/pressure-vessel-stresses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pressure-vessel-stresses.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Hoop and axial stress, and why a cylinder splits along its length.
- Thermal Stress — https://learnposters.com/p/thermal-stress — https://learnposters.com/pdf/thermal-stress.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why restraint, not temperature alone, is what creates thermal stress.

#### Thermofluids — Thermodynamics and fluid mechanics.

- First Law: Closed System — https://learnposters.com/p/first-law-closed-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/first-law-closed-system.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Heat in, work out, and the internal energy left over, with the sign rule.
- Steady Flow Energy Equation — https://learnposters.com/p/steady-flow-energy-equation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/steady-flow-energy-equation.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The first law rewritten for a device with fluid flowing through it.
- Entropy & Irreversibility — https://learnposters.com/p/entropy-and-irreversibility — https://learnposters.com/pdf/entropy-and-irreversibility.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What entropy actually measures, and where real machines lose work.
- Power Cycles — https://learnposters.com/p/power-cycle-efficiencies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/power-cycle-efficiencies.pdf — A 5-row table: Cycle · Ideal efficiency · Found in. Five ideal cycles, their efficiency expressions and what limits each.
- Fridge or Heat Pump? — https://learnposters.com/p/refrigerator-vs-heat-pump — https://learnposters.com/pdf/refrigerator-vs-heat-pump.pdf — Refrigerator against Heat pump, side by side. One machine, two purposes, and why the heat pump always wins on paper.
- Fluid Statics — https://learnposters.com/p/fluid-statics-pressure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fluid-statics-pressure.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Pressure with depth, manometers, and the gauge-versus-absolute trap.
- Continuity — https://learnposters.com/p/continuity-equation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/continuity-equation.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Mass in equals mass out, and what that does to velocity in a pipe.
- Bernoulli's Equation — https://learnposters.com/p/bernoulli-equation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bernoulli-equation.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Pressure, velocity and elevation heads trading against each other.
- Reynolds Number — https://learnposters.com/p/reynolds-number-regimes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reynolds-number-regimes.pdf — A 5-row table: Case · Laminar · Turbulent. The ratio that decides whether flow is laminar, turbulent or neither.
- Pipe Head Loss — https://learnposters.com/p/pipe-head-loss — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pipe-head-loss.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Darcy-Weisbach for the pipe, K factors for the fittings.
- Drag & Lift — https://learnposters.com/p/drag-coefficients — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drag-coefficients.pdf — A 5-row table: Body · Drag coefficient · Note. Typical drag coefficients, and why power rises with the cube of speed.
- Modes of Heat Transfer — https://learnposters.com/p/me-heat-transfer-modes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-heat-transfer-modes.pdf — A 4-row table: Mode · Rate law · Controlled by. One rate equation for each mode, and what actually controls it.
- Thermal Resistance — https://learnposters.com/p/thermal-resistance-networks — https://learnposters.com/pdf/thermal-resistance-networks.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Treating a heat path as a circuit, with resistances that add in series.
- Sizing a Pump — https://learnposters.com/p/sizing-a-pump — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sizing-a-pump.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Matching a pump curve to a system curve, and keeping the inlet safe.

#### Machine design — Fasteners, bearings, gears and tolerances.

- Factor of Safety — https://learnposters.com/p/factor-of-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/factor-of-safety.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What the number means, what it hides, and what it must be stated against.
- Bolt Preload — https://learnposters.com/p/bolt-preload — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bolt-preload.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why a bolted joint works by clamping, and how torque relates to clamp force.
- Sizing a Bolt — https://learnposters.com/p/sizing-a-bolt — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sizing-a-bolt.pdf — 6 numbered steps. From joint load to a fully specified fastener, in six steps.
- Metric Thread Sizes — https://learnposters.com/p/thread-designations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/thread-designations.pdf — A 6-row table: Size · Coarse pitch · Stress area. Coarse pitches and tensile stress areas for the common metric sizes.
- Bearing Life — https://learnposters.com/p/bearing-life-calculation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bearing-life-calculation.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What an L10 rating means, and how load exponent punishes overloading.
- Choosing a Bearing — https://learnposters.com/p/bearing-selection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bearing-selection.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · Load it takes · Note. What each bearing family takes, and where it belongs on a shaft.
- Spur Gear Geometry — https://learnposters.com/p/spur-gear-geometry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spur-gear-geometry.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Module, pitch diameter, centre distance and the meshing condition.
- Gear Trains — https://learnposters.com/p/gear-train-ratios — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gear-train-ratios.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Working out an overall ratio, including the idler that trips everyone.
- Belt or Chain? — https://learnposters.com/p/belt-vs-chain — https://learnposters.com/pdf/belt-vs-chain.pdf — V-belt drive against Roller chain, side by side. The trade between a forgiving drive and an exact one.
- Shafts, Keys & Retention — https://learnposters.com/p/shafts-and-keys — https://learnposters.com/pdf/shafts-and-keys.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. How torque gets into a shaft, and what actually limits the diameter.
- Helical Springs — https://learnposters.com/p/helical-spring-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/helical-spring-design.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How wire diameter, coil diameter and coil count set the stiffness.
- ISO Fits — https://learnposters.com/p/fits-and-tolerances — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fits-and-tolerances.pdf — A 6-row table: Fit · Example · Behaviour. The hole-basis fits you actually use, and what each one behaves like.
- Selecting a Fit — https://learnposters.com/p/selecting-a-fit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/selecting-a-fit.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Going from what the joint must do to a written tolerance on the drawing.
- Welded or Bolted? — https://learnposters.com/p/welded-vs-bolted-joints — https://learnposters.com/pdf/welded-vs-bolted-joints.pdf — Welded joint against Bolted joint, side by side. The trade between a permanent stiff joint and a serviceable one.

#### Manufacturing — Processes, tolerances and design for making.

- Process Families — https://learnposters.com/p/manufacturing-process-families — https://learnposters.com/pdf/manufacturing-process-families.pdf — A 5-row table: Family · Best for · Watch out for. Five ways to make a shape, what each is good at and what it costs you.
- Turning or Milling? — https://learnposters.com/p/turning-vs-milling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/turning-vs-milling.pdf — Turning against Milling, side by side. Which machine the feature belongs on, and why the cut feels different.
- Speed & Feed — https://learnposters.com/p/cutting-speed-and-feed — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cutting-speed-and-feed.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Surface speed, spindle speed and feed per tooth, and how they convert.
- Cutting Tool Materials — https://learnposters.com/p/tool-materials — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tool-materials.pdf — A 6-row table: Material · Use for · Note. Hardness against toughness, and which tool suits which cut.
- Casting Processes — https://learnposters.com/p/casting-processes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/casting-processes.pdf — A 5-row table: Process · Typical tolerance · Volume. Five casting routes ranked by tolerance, volume and tooling cost.
- Sheet Metal Bending — https://learnposters.com/p/sheet-metal-bending — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sheet-metal-bending.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why the flat blank is shorter than the sum of the legs.
- Designing for Moulding — https://learnposters.com/p/injection-moulding-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/injection-moulding-design.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The geometry rules that come from how plastic flows, packs and shrinks.
- Additive Processes — https://learnposters.com/p/additive-processes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/additive-processes.pdf — A 4-row table: Process · Strength · Best use. Four printing families, what each part is really good for, and its weakness.
- Welding Processes — https://learnposters.com/p/welding-processes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/welding-processes.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What each joining process suits, and what it demands in return.
- Surface Finish — https://learnposters.com/p/surface-finish-ra — https://learnposters.com/pdf/surface-finish-ra.pdf — A 5-row table: Process · Ra in micrometres · Feel. Typical roughness by process, and why each finer step costs more.
- Process Capability — https://learnposters.com/p/process-capability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/process-capability.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Cp and Cpk, what each one counts, and why only one of them is honest.
- Design for Manufacture — https://learnposters.com/p/design-for-manufacture — https://learnposters.com/pdf/design-for-manufacture.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The sketch-stage decisions that set most of the eventual part cost.
- Heat Treating Steel — https://learnposters.com/p/heat-treatment-of-steel — https://learnposters.com/pdf/heat-treatment-of-steel.pdf — A 5-row table: Treatment · What happens · Result. What each heat treatment cycle does, and what you get back.
- Selecting a Material — https://learnposters.com/p/me-material-selection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-material-selection.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Turning a function into a material index you can rank candidates by.

#### Control systems — Feedback, stability and response.

- Open or Closed Loop? — https://learnposters.com/p/open-vs-closed-loop — https://learnposters.com/pdf/open-vs-closed-loop.pdf — Open loop against Closed loop, side by side. What feedback buys you, and the stability it costs in exchange.
- Block Diagram Algebra — https://learnposters.com/p/block-diagram-algebra — https://learnposters.com/pdf/block-diagram-algebra.pdf — A 5-row table: Arrangement · Equivalent transfer function. Four moves that reduce any single-loop diagram to one transfer function.
- Laplace Pairs for Control — https://learnposters.com/p/me-laplace-pairs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/me-laplace-pairs.pdf — A 7-row table: Time function · Laplace transform. The handful of transforms control engineering actually uses.
- Plant Poles & Zeros — https://learnposters.com/p/transfer-function-poles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transfer-function-poles.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Where the poles sit is the whole story of how a system behaves.
- First-Order Response — https://learnposters.com/p/first-order-response — https://learnposters.com/pdf/first-order-response.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. One time constant describes the whole step response, landmarks and all.
- Second-Order Response — https://learnposters.com/p/second-order-response — https://learnposters.com/pdf/second-order-response.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Natural frequency sets the speed, damping ratio sets the overshoot.
- Poles and Response — https://learnposters.com/p/pole-location-and-response — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pole-location-and-response.pdf — A 6-row table: Pole location · What you see in time. A map from where a pole sits on the s plane to what you see in time.
- Steady-State Error — https://learnposters.com/p/steady-state-error — https://learnposters.com/pdf/steady-state-error.pdf — A 6-row table: Case · Steady-state error. How many integrators a loop needs to track a step, a ramp or a parabola.
- The Three PID Terms — https://learnposters.com/p/pid-control-terms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pid-control-terms.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. What each term does for you, and what each one costs you.
- Tuning a PID Loop — https://learnposters.com/p/tuning-a-pid-loop — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tuning-a-pid-loop.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The closed-loop Ziegler-Nichols method, and the checks around it.
- Routh-Hurwitz Test — https://learnposters.com/p/routh-hurwitz — https://learnposters.com/pdf/routh-hurwitz.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Deciding stability from the characteristic polynomial, without finding roots.
- Root Locus Rules — https://learnposters.com/p/root-locus-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/root-locus-rules.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Sketching where the closed-loop poles travel as the gain rises.
- Gain & Phase Margin — https://learnposters.com/p/bode-plots-and-margins — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bode-plots-and-margins.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How much extra gain or lag the loop can absorb before it oscillates.
- Nyquist Criterion — https://learnposters.com/p/nyquist-stability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nyquist-stability.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Counting encirclements of the critical point to settle stability for good.

#### CAD & drawing — Projection, dimensioning and GD&T.

- First or Third Angle? — https://learnposters.com/p/first-vs-third-angle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/first-vs-third-angle.pdf — First angle against Third angle, side by side. The two projection conventions, and how to tell which one you are reading.
- Choosing Views — https://learnposters.com/p/choosing-drawing-views — https://learnposters.com/pdf/choosing-drawing-views.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The fewest views that describe the part completely, and no more.
- Section Views — https://learnposters.com/p/section-view-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/section-view-types.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · How it cuts · Use for. Six ways to cut a part open, and what each one is for.
- Auxiliary & Detail Views — https://learnposters.com/p/auxiliary-and-detail-views — https://learnposters.com/pdf/auxiliary-and-detail-views.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Two ways to show what a standard orthographic view distorts or hides.
- Drawing Line Types — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-line-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-line-types.pdf — A 6-row table: Line · Style · Means. Line style carries meaning, and line weight carries priority.
- Dimensioning Rules — https://learnposters.com/p/dimensioning-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dimensioning-rules.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The rules that make a drawing measurable, inspectable and unambiguous.
- Sheets & Scales — https://learnposters.com/p/sheet-sizes-and-scales — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sheet-sizes-and-scales.pdf — A 5-row table: Sheet · Size in mm · Typical use. The ISO A series and the preferred scale ratios that go on them.
- Tolerance Stack-Up — https://learnposters.com/p/tolerance-stack-up — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tolerance-stack-up.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why tolerances add along a chain, and what statistical stacking assumes.
- GD&T Controls — https://learnposters.com/p/gdt-controls-in-words — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gdt-controls-in-words.pdf — A 6-row table: Group · Controls · What it limits. The families of geometric control, named in plain words.
- Datum Reference Frame — https://learnposters.com/p/gdt-datum-reference-frame — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gdt-datum-reference-frame.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Constraining six degrees of freedom in the order the part is actually used.
- Bonus Tolerance — https://learnposters.com/p/mmc-and-bonus-tolerance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mmc-and-bonus-tolerance.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why a hole made away from its worst size earns extra position tolerance.
- Position or Plus-Minus? — https://learnposters.com/p/position-vs-plus-minus — https://learnposters.com/pdf/position-vs-plus-minus.pdf — Plus and minus against True position, side by side. The round tolerance zone against the square one, and what each really means.
- Parametric Modelling — https://learnposters.com/p/parametric-modelling-workflow — https://learnposters.com/pdf/parametric-modelling-workflow.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Building a CAD model that survives being changed by somebody else.
- Assembly Drawings — https://learnposters.com/p/assembly-drawings-and-bom — https://learnposters.com/pdf/assembly-drawings-and-bom.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What the assembly sheet carries that a detail sheet never does.

### Electrical Engineering (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/electrical-engineering — Circuits, signals and power, with the laws and transforms.

#### Circuit analysis — Kirchhoff, Thevenin, AC and phasors.

- Ohm's Law & Power — https://learnposters.com/p/ee-ohms-law — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ee-ohms-law.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The three power forms alongside V = IR, and why the power rating decides the part.
- KCL & KVL — https://learnposters.com/p/kcl-and-kvl — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kcl-and-kvl.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Kirchhoff's two laws written in the sign convention circuit analysis actually uses.
- Nodal Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/nodal-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/nodal-analysis.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The node-voltage method, from choosing a datum to checking the power balance.
- Mesh Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/mesh-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mesh-analysis.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The mesh-current method for planar circuits, supermesh case included.
- Thevenin Equivalent — https://learnposters.com/p/ee-thevenin-equivalent — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ee-thevenin-equivalent.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Any linear two-terminal network as one source and one series resistance.
- Norton & Source Transforms — https://learnposters.com/p/norton-and-source-transforms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/norton-and-source-transforms.pdf — Thevenin form against Norton form, side by side. Thevenin's current-source dual, and the one-line conversion either way.
- Superposition in Circuits — https://learnposters.com/p/superposition-in-circuits — https://learnposters.com/pdf/superposition-in-circuits.pdf — 5 numbered steps. One source at a time in a linear circuit, then add the contributions with sign.
- Maximum Power Transfer — https://learnposters.com/p/maximum-power-transfer — https://learnposters.com/pdf/maximum-power-transfer.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. When matching the load to the source maximises power, and what it costs in efficiency.
- RC & RL Transients — https://learnposters.com/p/first-order-transients — https://learnposters.com/pdf/first-order-transients.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. One exponential describes every first-order circuit, whatever is charging or decaying.
- Phasors & Impedance — https://learnposters.com/p/phasors-and-impedance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/phasors-and-impedance.pdf — A 6-row table: Element · Impedance Z · Current against voltage. Every passive element as one complex number, with the phase it forces.
- AC Power Triangle — https://learnposters.com/p/ac-power-and-power-factor — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ac-power-and-power-factor.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Real, reactive and apparent power as one right triangle, cosine the power factor.
- Resonance & Q — https://learnposters.com/p/series-resonance-and-q — https://learnposters.com/pdf/series-resonance-and-q.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Where reactances cancel, how sharp the peak, and the voltage Q builds.
- Divider Rules — https://learnposters.com/p/divider-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/divider-rules.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Voltage and current dividers, and the loading that quietly breaks both.
- Capacitor & Inductor Laws — https://learnposters.com/p/ee-capacitor-inductor-laws — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ee-capacitor-inductor-laws.pdf — A 6-row table: Property · Capacitor · Inductor. The two reactive elements as exact duals, from defining law to DC behaviour.
- Two-Port Parameters — https://learnposters.com/p/two-port-parameters — https://learnposters.com/pdf/two-port-parameters.pdf — A 5-row table: Set · Independent variables · Best suited to. Four ways to describe the same black box, and what each one is convenient for.

#### Electronics — Diodes, transistors and op-amps.

- Diode Behaviour — https://learnposters.com/p/diode-behaviour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/diode-behaviour.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The exponential law, the 0.7 V model, and when each one is honest.
- Rectifiers — https://learnposters.com/p/rectifier-circuits — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rectifier-circuits.pdf — A 5-row table: Topology · Ripple frequency · Trade-off. Half-wave, full-wave and bridge, and the ripple each one leaves behind.
- Zener Regulator — https://learnposters.com/p/zener-shunt-regulator — https://learnposters.com/pdf/zener-shunt-regulator.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Sizing the series resistor for a shunt regulator, worst case at both extremes.
- Driving an LED — https://learnposters.com/p/led-current-limiting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/led-current-limiting.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why an LED is a current device, and how to size the resistor that sets it.
- BJT Operating Regions — https://learnposters.com/p/bjt-regions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bjt-regions.pdf — A 5-row table: Region · Junction bias · Behaviour. Which region a bipolar transistor is in, read straight off its junction bias.
- MOSFET Regions — https://learnposters.com/p/mosfet-regions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mosfet-regions.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Cut-off, ohmic and saturation for a field-effect device, and the naming trap.
- BJT vs MOSFET — https://learnposters.com/p/bjt-vs-mosfet — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bjt-vs-mosfet.pdf — Bipolar transistor against MOSFET, side by side. Current control against voltage control, and what each choice costs in a real design.
- Common-Emitter Amp — https://learnposters.com/p/common-emitter-amplifier — https://learnposters.com/pdf/common-emitter-amplifier.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Biasing the voltage-divider stage, then reading gain off two resistors.
- Small-Signal Models — https://learnposters.com/p/small-signal-models — https://learnposters.com/pdf/small-signal-models.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Linearising a transistor around its bias point, and what transconductance actually is.
- Op-Amp Golden Rules — https://learnposters.com/p/opamp-golden-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/opamp-golden-rules.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The two assumptions that solve almost every op-amp circuit, and their exact conditions.
- Op-Amp Configurations — https://learnposters.com/p/opamp-configurations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/opamp-configurations.pdf — A 6-row table: Circuit · Output · Input impedance. Six op-amp circuits, with their gain expressions and input impedances.
- Op-Amp Non-Idealities — https://learnposters.com/p/opamp-non-idealities — https://learnposters.com/pdf/opamp-non-idealities.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What the datasheet is warning about, sorted into DC errors and frequency limits.
- Negative Feedback — https://learnposters.com/p/ee-negative-feedback — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ee-negative-feedback.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Analogue design's core trade: raw gain for accuracy and bandwidth.
- Transistor as a Switch — https://learnposters.com/p/transistor-as-a-switch — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transistor-as-a-switch.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Driving a transistor fully on, and counting conduction and switching loss.
- Linear vs Switching — https://learnposters.com/p/linear-vs-switching-regulators — https://learnposters.com/pdf/linear-vs-switching-regulators.pdf — Linear regulator against Switching regulator, side by side. Two ways to make a stable rail, weighed on efficiency, noise and parts.

#### Signals & systems — Convolution, Fourier and Laplace.

- Signal Types — https://learnposters.com/p/signal-classification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/signal-classification.pdf — A 6-row table: Distinction · One side · The other. The six distinctions that decide which analysis tool a signal is entitled to.
- LTI Properties — https://learnposters.com/p/lti-system-properties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/lti-system-properties.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What linear and time-invariant require, and the labels alongside them.
- Convolution — https://learnposters.com/p/convolution-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/convolution-basics.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Flip, shift, multiply, integrate — the graphical method in order.
- Impulse & Step Response — https://learnposters.com/p/impulse-and-step-response — https://learnposters.com/pdf/impulse-and-step-response.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The two responses that characterise a system, and the calculus linking them.
- Fourier Series — https://learnposters.com/p/fourier-series-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fourier-series-basics.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Periodic signals as sums of harmonics, and what smoothness does to them.
- Fourier Pairs — https://learnposters.com/p/fourier-transform-pairs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fourier-transform-pairs.pdf — A 7-row table: Time domain · Frequency domain. The transform pairs and properties worth carrying in your head.
- Laplace Pairs — https://learnposters.com/p/laplace-transform-pairs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/laplace-transform-pairs.pdf — A 7-row table: f(t) · F(s). The one-sided Laplace pairs that turn a differential equation into ordinary algebra.
- Transfer Functions — https://learnposters.com/p/transfer-functions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transfer-functions.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Output over input in the s domain, and the substitution that gives frequency response.
- Poles & Zeros — https://learnposters.com/p/poles-and-zeros — https://learnposters.com/pdf/poles-and-zeros.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Where the poles sit, what that says about stability, and what zeros can and cannot do.
- Bode Plots — https://learnposters.com/p/bode-plot-sketching — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bode-plot-sketching.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Sketching magnitude and phase from the factored transfer function, corner by corner.
- Sampling & Aliasing — https://learnposters.com/p/sampling-and-aliasing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sampling-and-aliasing.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Nyquist's condition, where aliases land, and why the filter has to come first.
- The z-Transform — https://learnposters.com/p/z-transform-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/z-transform-basics.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Laplace for discrete time, with the unit circle as its stability boundary.
- DFT & FFT — https://learnposters.com/p/dft-and-fft — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dft-and-fft.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What a finite-record spectrum gives you, and what the FFT changes.
- Filter Responses — https://learnposters.com/p/analogue-filter-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/analogue-filter-types.pdf — A 5-row table: Response · Passband · Trade-off. Five classical approximations at the same order, and the compromise each one accepts.

#### Power — Three-phase, transformers and machines.

- Three-Phase Power — https://learnposters.com/p/three-phase-power — https://learnposters.com/pdf/three-phase-power.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Line and phase quantities, and exactly where the √3 belongs in each expression.
- Wye & Delta — https://learnposters.com/p/wye-and-delta — https://learnposters.com/pdf/wye-and-delta.pdf — Star (wye) against Delta, side by side. The two three-phase connections, and what each does to voltage and current.
- Power-Factor Correction — https://learnposters.com/p/power-factor-correction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/power-factor-correction.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Sizing capacitance to raise an inductive installation's power factor to a target.
- The Per-Unit System — https://learnposters.com/p/per-unit-system — https://learnposters.com/pdf/per-unit-system.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Every quantity as a fraction of a chosen base, so turns ratios drop out.
- Transformer Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/ee-transformer-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ee-transformer-equations.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Turns ratio for voltage, current and impedance, and why DC destroys one.
- Transformer Losses — https://learnposters.com/p/transformer-losses-and-tests — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transformer-losses-and-tests.pdf — A 5-row table: Loss · Depends on · Revealed by. Where a transformer's energy goes, and which bench test reveals each kind of loss.
- Induction Motor Slip — https://learnposters.com/p/induction-motor-slip — https://learnposters.com/pdf/induction-motor-slip.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Synchronous speed, slip, and why the rotor can never quite catch up.
- Motor Types — https://learnposters.com/p/motor-types-compared — https://learnposters.com/pdf/motor-types-compared.pdf — A 5-row table: Machine · Speed set by · Typical use. Five machines side by side, on how their speed is set and what they are chosen for.
- Synchronous Machines — https://learnposters.com/p/synchronous-machine-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/synchronous-machine-basics.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The machine that sets grid frequency, and what its excitation actually controls.
- Line Parameters — https://learnposters.com/p/overhead-line-parameters — https://learnposters.com/pdf/overhead-line-parameters.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What an overhead line contributes electrically, split into series and shunt effects.
- Fault Types — https://learnposters.com/p/fault-types-and-clearing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/fault-types-and-clearing.pdf — A 5-row table: Fault · How often · Character. The shunt and series faults a network sees, in rough order of frequency.
- Earthing & Protection — https://learnposters.com/p/earthing-and-protection — https://learnposters.com/pdf/earthing-and-protection.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What each protective device is for, and the separate job earthing does.
- Harmonics — https://learnposters.com/p/power-quality-and-harmonics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/power-quality-and-harmonics.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Where harmonic currents come from, and the heating and neutral problems they cause.
- Renewables on the Grid — https://learnposters.com/p/renewables-on-the-grid — https://learnposters.com/pdf/renewables-on-the-grid.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What changes when weather-driven inverters replace rotating machines.

#### Electromagnetics — Fields, transmission lines and antennas.

- Maxwell's Equations — https://learnposters.com/p/maxwells-equations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/maxwells-equations.pdf — A 4-row table: Law · Differential form · What it says. The four field equations in differential form, and what each asserts.
- Gauss's Law — https://learnposters.com/p/gauss-law-in-practice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gauss-law-in-practice.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Flux through a closed surface, and the symmetry that makes it usable.
- Boundary Conditions — https://learnposters.com/p/em-boundary-conditions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/em-boundary-conditions.pdf — A 4-row table: Component · Dielectric boundary · Good conductor. Which field components stay continuous at an interface, and which jump.
- Plane Waves — https://learnposters.com/p/plane-waves — https://learnposters.com/pdf/plane-waves.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The uniform plane wave: geometry, speed, impedance and what a dielectric does to it.
- Poynting Vector — https://learnposters.com/p/poynting-and-wave-impedance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/poynting-and-wave-impedance.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Where electromagnetic power flows, and how much crosses a square metre.
- Skin Effect — https://learnposters.com/p/skin-effect — https://learnposters.com/pdf/skin-effect.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why high-frequency current crowds to the surface, and how deep it goes.
- Transmission Lines — https://learnposters.com/p/transmission-line-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transmission-line-basics.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Characteristic impedance, propagation velocity, and when a wire stops being a wire.
- Reflection & VSWR — https://learnposters.com/p/reflection-and-vswr — https://learnposters.com/pdf/reflection-and-vswr.pdf — A 6-row table: Reflection |Γ| · VSWR · Return loss. One mismatch expressed four ways, so any figure reads at sight.
- Impedance Matching — https://learnposters.com/p/impedance-matching — https://learnposters.com/pdf/impedance-matching.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Matching any load to the line, with reactance, transformers or stubs.
- The Smith Chart — https://learnposters.com/p/smith-chart-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/smith-chart-basics.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How to read the chart before using it: what the circles, the rotation and the centre mean.
- Waveguide Modes — https://learnposters.com/p/waveguide-modes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/waveguide-modes.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why a hollow guide has a cutoff, which mode dominates, and the usable band.
- Antenna Fundamentals — https://learnposters.com/p/antenna-fundamentals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/antenna-fundamentals.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Gain, directivity, beamwidth and polarisation, and how the four constrain each other.
- Antenna Types — https://learnposters.com/p/antenna-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/antenna-types.pdf — A 5-row table: Antenna · Pattern · Typical use. Five antenna families, their radiation patterns and their typical jobs.
- Link Budget — https://learnposters.com/p/friis-link-budget — https://learnposters.com/pdf/friis-link-budget.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Adding gains and subtracting losses in decibels to predict what a receiver will see.

#### Digital logic — Gates, Boolean algebra and state machines.

- Logic Gates — https://learnposters.com/p/logic-gate-reference — https://learnposters.com/pdf/logic-gate-reference.pdf — A 7-row table: Gate · Expression · Output is 1 when. Seven gates, their Boolean expressions, and when each output is 1.
- Boolean Algebra — https://learnposters.com/p/boolean-algebra-laws — https://learnposters.com/pdf/boolean-algebra-laws.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The identities that shrink an expression before a Karnaugh map is even drawn.
- De Morgan's Theorems — https://learnposters.com/p/demorgan-theorems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/demorgan-theorems.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Break the bar, change the operator — and why NAND and NOR are universal.
- SOP & POS Forms — https://learnposters.com/p/sop-and-pos-forms — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sop-and-pos-forms.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Turning a truth table into a canonical expression, by minterms or by maxterms.
- Karnaugh Maps — https://learnposters.com/p/karnaugh-maps — https://learnposters.com/pdf/karnaugh-maps.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Grouping adjacent ones on a Gray-coded map to minimise up to four variables by eye.
- Two's Complement — https://learnposters.com/p/twos-complement-arithmetic — https://learnposters.com/pdf/twos-complement-arithmetic.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The signed representation that lets one adder serve both signed and unsigned work.
- Adders — https://learnposters.com/p/adder-circuits — https://learnposters.com/pdf/adder-circuits.pdf — A 5-row table: Circuit · Built from · Trade-off. From half adder to carry look-ahead, and the delay each one costs.
- Mux & Decoder — https://learnposters.com/p/multiplexers-and-decoders — https://learnposters.com/pdf/multiplexers-and-decoders.pdf — Multiplexer against Decoder, side by side. Two combinational blocks that are near mirror images of each other.
- Latches vs Flip-Flops — https://learnposters.com/p/latches-vs-flip-flops — https://learnposters.com/pdf/latches-vs-flip-flops.pdf — Latch, level sensitive against Flip-flop, edge triggered, side by side. Level-sensitive against edge-triggered storage, and why synchronous design picks one.
- Flip-Flop Types — https://learnposters.com/p/flip-flop-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/flip-flop-types.pdf — A 4-row table: Type · On the clock edge · Typical use. Four flip-flops, what each does on the clock edge, and where each is used.
- Counters & Registers — https://learnposters.com/p/counters-and-registers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/counters-and-registers.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The sequential building blocks, sorted by clocking and by what they hold.
- State Machine Design — https://learnposters.com/p/state-machine-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/state-machine-design.pdf — 6 numbered steps. From a written specification to a single-clock synchronous machine, in six moves.
- Setup & Hold Time — https://learnposters.com/p/setup-and-hold-time — https://learnposters.com/pdf/setup-and-hold-time.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The two timing windows around a clock edge, and the very different fixes each needs.
- Logic Families — https://learnposters.com/p/logic-families-compared — https://learnposters.com/pdf/logic-families-compared.pdf — A 5-row table: Family · Supply · Character. Five logic families on supply voltage, speed and where each is still used.

#### Embedded systems — Microcontrollers, interfacing and timing.

- Inside an MCU — https://learnposters.com/p/microcontroller-anatomy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/microcontroller-anatomy.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What a microcontroller contains beyond the processor core, block by block.
- GPIO & Pull Resistors — https://learnposters.com/p/gpio-and-pull-resistors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gpio-and-pull-resistors.pdf — A 5-row table: Configuration · Behaviour when open · Use for. The pin configurations, and what each leaves an open input doing.
- Polling vs Interrupts — https://learnposters.com/p/polling-vs-interrupts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/polling-vs-interrupts.pdf — Polling against Interrupts, side by side. Two ways to notice an event, weighed on cycles and on complexity.
- Writing an ISR — https://learnposters.com/p/interrupt-service-rules — https://learnposters.com/pdf/interrupt-service-rules.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What belongs inside an interrupt handler, and what in the main loop.
- Timers & PWM — https://learnposters.com/p/timers-and-pwm — https://learnposters.com/pdf/timers-and-pwm.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Period and duty cycle as counter values, and the arithmetic that connects them to hertz.
- ADC Resolution — https://learnposters.com/p/adc-resolution-and-error — https://learnposters.com/pdf/adc-resolution-and-error.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Step size, reference voltage, and why more bits alone add no accuracy.
- UART, SPI & I2C — https://learnposters.com/p/serial-bus-comparison — https://learnposters.com/pdf/serial-bus-comparison.pdf — A 5-row table: Bus · Wires · Character. Five serial buses compared on wire count, speed and how devices get addressed.
- UART Framing — https://learnposters.com/p/uart-framing-and-baud — https://learnposters.com/pdf/uart-framing-and-baud.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What one asynchronous character looks like on the wire, bit by bit.
- Switch Debouncing — https://learnposters.com/p/switch-debouncing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/switch-debouncing.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Turning a burst of contact bounce into one press event, without blocking.
- Driving Loads — https://learnposters.com/p/driving-inductive-loads — https://learnposters.com/pdf/driving-inductive-loads.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Getting from a logic pin to a relay, motor or solenoid it could never drive directly.
- Level Shifting — https://learnposters.com/p/logic-level-shifting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/logic-level-shifting.pdf — A 5-row table: Method · Direction · Notes. Five ways to join parts on different logic voltages, and where each fails.
- Volatile & Atomicity — https://learnposters.com/p/volatile-and-atomicity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/volatile-and-atomicity.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Two distinct bugs that both look like a variable changing value at random.
- RTOS Scheduling — https://learnposters.com/p/rtos-scheduling-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rtos-scheduling-basics.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What a real-time kernel provides, and when a superloop is still enough.
- Low-Power Modes — https://learnposters.com/p/low-power-modes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/low-power-modes.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Where the microamps go, what each sleep depth costs, and what saves battery.

### Civil Engineering (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/civil-engineering — Structures, soil, water and the codes that govern them.

#### Structural analysis — Loads, beams, frames and reactions.

- Load Paths — https://learnposters.com/p/structural-load-paths — https://learnposters.com/pdf/structural-load-paths.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Where a load goes, from deck to soil.
- Beam Reactions — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-beam-reactions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-beam-reactions.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Equilibrium, and where to take moments.
- Shear & Moment Diagrams — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-sfd-bmd — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-sfd-bmd.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Shear and moment diagrams in one pass.
- Support Conditions — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-support-conditions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-support-conditions.pdf — A 5-row table: Support · Restrains · Unknowns. What each support holds, and its unknowns.
- Bending Stress — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-bending-stress — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-bending-stress.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Turning bending moment into stress.
- Second Moment of Area — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-second-moment-area — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-second-moment-area.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why depth beats bulk in a section.
- Truss Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-truss-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-truss-analysis.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Method of joints and method of sections.
- Determinacy — https://learnposters.com/p/structural-determinacy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/structural-determinacy.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Whether statics alone can solve it.
- Column Buckling — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-column-buckling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-column-buckling.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Euler load, effective length, slenderness.
- Deflection Limits — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-deflection-limits — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-deflection-limits.pdf — A 6-row table: Case · Order of limit. Indicative serviceability limits.
- Load Combinations — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-load-combinations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-load-combinations.pdf — A 6-row table: Check · How loads are treated. Why loads are factored, and how.
- Braced vs Moment Frame — https://learnposters.com/p/braced-vs-moment-frame — https://learnposters.com/pdf/braced-vs-moment-frame.pdf — Braced frame against Moment frame, side by side. Two ways to carry lateral load.
- Slab Spanning — https://learnposters.com/p/one-way-two-way-slabs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/one-way-two-way-slabs.pdf — One-way slab against Two-way slab, side by side. What decides which way a slab spans.
- Wind & Seismic Loads — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-lateral-loads — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-lateral-loads.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Wind and seismic, and how each arrives.
- Influence Lines — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-influence-lines — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-influence-lines.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Placing a moving load at its worst.

#### Geotechnical — Soil behaviour, bearing capacity and retaining.

- Soil Classification — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-soil-classification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-soil-classification.pdf — A 6-row table: Group · What it is · Behaviour. What the Unified group symbols tell you.
- Soil Phases — https://learnposters.com/p/soil-phase-relationships — https://learnposters.com/pdf/soil-phase-relationships.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Solids, water, air, and their ratios.
- Effective Stress — https://learnposters.com/p/effective-stress — https://learnposters.com/pdf/effective-stress.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The idea soil mechanics is built on.
- Atterberg Limits — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-atterberg-limits — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-atterberg-limits.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Water contents where a clay changes state.
- Soil Shear Strength — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-shear-strength-soil — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-shear-strength-soil.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Mohr-Coulomb, total against effective.
- Bearing Capacity — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-bearing-capacity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-bearing-capacity.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why ground under a footing fails.
- Consolidation — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-consolidation-settlement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-consolidation-settlement.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why clay settles for years afterwards.
- Darcy's Law — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-darcy-law — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-darcy-law.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How fast water moves through soil.
- Compaction Control — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-compaction-control — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-compaction-control.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Getting fill to the density assumed.
- Earth Pressure — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-lateral-earth-pressure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-lateral-earth-pressure.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Active, at-rest and passive pressure.
- Retaining Wall Checks — https://learnposters.com/p/retaining-wall-checks — https://learnposters.com/pdf/retaining-wall-checks.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The failure modes a wall is checked for.
- Slope Stability — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-slope-stability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-slope-stability.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What holds a slope up, and what does not.
- Shallow vs Deep Foundations — https://learnposters.com/p/shallow-vs-deep-foundations — https://learnposters.com/pdf/shallow-vs-deep-foundations.pdf — Shallow against Deep, side by side. When a pad will do, and when it will not.
- Site Investigation — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-site-investigation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-site-investigation.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Turning an unknown site into parameters.
- Soil Testing — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-soil-tests — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-soil-tests.pdf — A 6-row table: Test · What it gives you. What each soil test actually measures.

#### Transportation — Geometry, traffic flow and pavements.

- Horizontal Curves — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-horizontal-curves — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-horizontal-curves.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Minimum radius on a bend, and why.
- Vertical Curves — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-vertical-curves — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-vertical-curves.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. K values for crests and for sags.
- Stopping Sight Distance — https://learnposters.com/p/stopping-sight-distance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/stopping-sight-distance.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Reaction plus braking, plus gradient.
- Road Cross Section — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-cross-section-elements — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-cross-section-elements.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What each part of a road is for.
- Traffic Flow — https://learnposters.com/p/traffic-flow-fundamentals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/traffic-flow-fundamentals.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Flow, density and speed, locked together.
- Level of Service — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-level-of-service — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-level-of-service.pdf — A 6-row table: Grade · What the driver gets. The letter grades for how a road drives.
- Signal Timing — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-signal-timing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-signal-timing.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Webster's method, end to end.
- Pavement Layers — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-pavement-layers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-pavement-layers.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What each layer of a road does.
- Flexible vs Rigid Pavement — https://learnposters.com/p/flexible-vs-rigid-pavement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/flexible-vs-rigid-pavement.pdf — Flexible against Rigid, side by side. Asphalt against concrete, honestly.
- CBR & Subgrade — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-cbr-subgrade — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-cbr-subgrade.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What CBR measures, and standard axles.
- Traffic Surveys — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-traffic-surveys — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-traffic-surveys.pdf — A 6-row table: Measure · What it means. What each traffic measure really means.
- Junction Types — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-junction-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-junction-types.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · Suits. The ladder from priority to grade separation.
- Road Drainage — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-road-drainage — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-road-drainage.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Water off the surface, out of the layers.
- Mass Haul — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-earthworks-mass-haul — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-earthworks-mass-haul.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Balancing cut and fill so muck moves once.

#### Water resources — Hydrology, hydraulics and drainage.

- The Water Balance — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-hydrologic-cycle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-hydrologic-cycle.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. A catchment as an accounting unit.
- Rational Method — https://learnposters.com/p/rational-method — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rational-method.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Peak runoff from a small catchment.
- Return Periods — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-rainfall-idf — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-rainfall-idf.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What a one in 100 year storm means.
- Time of Concentration — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-time-of-concentration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-time-of-concentration.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why the worst storm is the one that fits.
- Manning's Equation — https://learnposters.com/p/mannings-equation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mannings-equation.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Open channel flow from slope and roughness.
- Subcritical vs Supercritical — https://learnposters.com/p/subcritical-vs-supercritical — https://learnposters.com/pdf/subcritical-vs-supercritical.pdf — Subcritical against Supercritical, side by side. Two flow regimes, and where control sits.
- Pipe Head Losses — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-pipe-head-losses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-pipe-head-losses.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Pipe friction, and the fittings too.
- Continuity & Energy — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-flow-energy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-flow-energy.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Continuity and energy, stated once.
- Culvert Design — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-culvert-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-culvert-design.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Sizing a crossing, and which end controls.
- Weirs & Flumes — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-weirs-and-flumes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-weirs-and-flumes.pdf — A 6-row table: Device · Best suited to. Measuring flow by forcing critical depth.
- Unit Hydrograph — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-unit-hydrograph — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-unit-hydrograph.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Rainfall in, flow hydrograph out.
- Groundwater & Wells — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-groundwater-wells — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-groundwater-wells.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What pumping does to an aquifer.
- Stormwater Attenuation — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-stormwater-attenuation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-stormwater-attenuation.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Making a built site discharge slowly.
- Water Demand — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-water-demand — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-water-demand.pdf — A 6-row table: Item · Typical planning figure. The figures a supply network is sized on.

#### Construction management — Programme, cost and site organisation.

- Project Stages — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-project-stages — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-project-stages.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. From brief to defects, stage by stage.
- Critical Path Method — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-critical-path — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-critical-path.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. The chain that sets the completion date.
- Float & Slack — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-float-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-float-types.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Total and free float, and who owns them.
- Gantt vs Network — https://learnposters.com/p/gantt-vs-network — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gantt-vs-network.pdf — Gantt bar chart against Network diagram, side by side. The chart you read, the one you think with.
- Cost Estimating — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-cost-estimating — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-cost-estimating.pdf — A 5-row table: Stage · Basis · Spread. How accuracy follows the information.
- Earned Value — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-earned-value — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-earned-value.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Work done against spend and against plan.
- Procurement Routes — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-procurement-routes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-procurement-routes.pdf — A 6-row table: Route · Character. Who carries design, risk and change.
- Tendering — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-tender-process — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-tender-process.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Getting prices that can be compared.
- Site Layout — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-site-layout — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-site-layout.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Planning the site before the first load.
- Site Safety — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-site-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-site-safety.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The recurring killers, and the controls.
- Risk Register — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-risk-register — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-risk-register.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Worries turned into owners and money.
- Site Quality Control — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-quality-control — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-quality-control.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Proving what was built was specified.
- Variations & Claims — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-variations-claims — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-variations-claims.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. A change to the work, or a claim about it.
- Resource Levelling — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-resource-levelling — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-resource-levelling.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Smoothing labour and plant peaks.

#### Surveying — Levelling, setting out and coordinates.

- Levelling — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-levelling-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-levelling-basics.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Carrying a height, and closing the loop.
- Booking a Level Run — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-levelling-booking — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-levelling-booking.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Rise and fall, and the check that balances.
- Total Station — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-total-station — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-total-station.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What it measures, and what it cancels.
- Traverse Computation — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-traverse-computation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-traverse-computation.pdf — 6 numbered steps. Angles and distances into coordinates.
- Bearings — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-bearings-azimuths — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-bearings-azimuths.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Forward and back bearings, and which north.
- Setting Out by Coordinates — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-setting-out-coordinates — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-setting-out-coordinates.pdf — 6 numbered steps, with a full worked run-through. Design point onto the ground, then checked.
- Survey Errors — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-survey-errors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-survey-errors.pdf — Systematic against Random, side by side. Systematic, random, and the blunder.
- GNSS Surveying — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-gnss-surveying — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-gnss-surveying.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What GNSS delivers, and where it fails.
- Contours — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-contours — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-contours.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Lines of equal height, and what they say.
- Areas & Volumes — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-areas-volumes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-areas-volumes.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Quantities from ordinates and sections.
- Setting Out a Curve — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-curve-setting-out — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-curve-setting-out.pdf — 6 numbered steps. A circular curve, pegged on the ground.
- Datums & Benchmarks — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-datums-benchmarks — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-datums-benchmarks.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. A level means nothing without its datum.
- Tape Corrections — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-tape-corrections — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-tape-corrections.pdf — A 6-row table: Correction · Applies when. What a measured length still needs.
- Instrument Checks — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-instrument-checks — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-instrument-checks.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Field checks that catch an error early.

#### Civil materials — Concrete, steel, timber and testing.

- Concrete Properties — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-concrete-properties — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-concrete-properties.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What concrete is good at, and is not.
- Mix Design — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-concrete-mix-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-concrete-mix-design.pdf — 6 numbered steps. From required strength to proportions.
- Water-Cement Ratio — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-water-cement-ratio — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-water-cement-ratio.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The number that governs strength and life.
- Concrete Testing — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-concrete-tests — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-concrete-tests.pdf — A 6-row table: Test · What it measures. What each concrete test measures.
- Curing — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-concrete-curing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-concrete-curing.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Keeping the water in while it hydrates.
- Reinforcement — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-reinforcement-detailing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-reinforcement-detailing.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Making steel and concrete act together.
- Cement Types — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-cement-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-cement-types.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · Behaviour. What replacing clinker buys you.
- Aggregates — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-aggregates — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-aggregates.pdf — A 6-row table: Property · Why it matters. Three quarters of the volume, not filler.
- Structural Steel — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-structural-steel-grades — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-structural-steel-grades.pdf — A 6-row table: Designation · Meaning. What a steel grade designation means.
- Steel vs Concrete — https://learnposters.com/p/steel-vs-concrete — https://learnposters.com/pdf/steel-vs-concrete.pdf — Structural steel against Reinforced concrete, side by side. The trade a frame decision really makes.
- Timber — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-timber-grading — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-timber-grading.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why timber is graded, and what moves it.
- Cover & Durability — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-concrete-durability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-concrete-durability.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why the last 30 mm sets the service life.
- Bituminous Materials — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-bituminous-materials — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-bituminous-materials.pdf — A 6-row table: Material · Character. Bitumen binds; the mix does the rest.
- Destructive vs Non-destructive — https://learnposters.com/p/civil-material-testing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/civil-material-testing.pdf — Destructive against Non-destructive, side by side. A number against an indicator.

### Architecture (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/architecture — Design method, history, structure and the technical drawing behind them.

#### Design method — Concept, precedent, iteration and critique.

- The Design Process — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-design-process — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-design-process.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The loop a studio project actually runs on, from brief to presentation.
- The Concept Diagram — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-concept-diagram — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-concept-diagram.pdf — Works against Fails, side by side. What a concept diagram has to do, and the four ways they usually fail.
- Precedent Study — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-precedent-study — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-precedent-study.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How to study a building so it changes your project rather than decorating it.
- Site Analysis — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-site-analysis — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-site-analysis.pdf — 12 entries in 2 groups. What to record on a site, sorted into what you can measure and what you must judge.
- Reading the Brief — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-brief — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-brief.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How to turn a client's wish list into a schedule you can plan from.
- The Parti — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-parti — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-parti.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. The organising idea of a plan, and the handful of forms it usually takes.
- Massing Studies — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-massing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-massing.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Working out the size and shape of a building before you know its rooms.
- Circulation — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-circulation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-circulation.pdf — A 6-row table: Pattern · Buys · Costs. The routes through a building, and the choices that follow from picking one.
- Programme and Adjacency — https://learnposters.com/p/programme-adjacency — https://learnposters.com/pdf/programme-adjacency.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Turning a schedule of rooms into a plan, adjacency before geometry.
- The Crit — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-design-crit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-design-crit.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. How to present work for review, and how to use what comes back.
- Iteration — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-iteration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-iteration.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why the second scheme beats the first, and how to keep options apart.
- Thinking by Drawing — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-sketch-thinking — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-sketch-thinking.pdf — A 6-row table: When · Draw. Why architects sketch, and which drawing to reach for at which moment.
- Human Dimensions — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-anthropometrics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-anthropometrics.pdf — A 7-row table: Element · Typical. The dimensions a plan is built from, in millimetres, learnt by heart.
- Constraints as Generators — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-design-constraints — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-design-constraints.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. The limits on a project, and why the tight ones usually produce the better building.
- The Portfolio — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-portfolio — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-portfolio.pdf — 11 entries in 2 groups. What a portfolio has to prove, and the order that proves it fastest.

#### History & theory — Movements, canonical buildings and ideas.

- The Classical Orders — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-classical-orders — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-classical-orders.pdf — A 5-row table: Order · Height · Marker. The five orders, their proportions, and the text each one comes down to us through.
- Gothic — https://learnposters.com/p/gothic-cathedrals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gothic-cathedrals.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The three structural inventions that let Gothic churches be tall, thin and glazed.
- Renaissance — https://learnposters.com/p/renaissance-arch — https://learnposters.com/pdf/renaissance-arch.pdf — A 5-row table: Figure · Contribution. The recovery of classical rule, and the four figures who wrote it down.
- Baroque — https://learnposters.com/p/baroque-arch — https://learnposters.com/pdf/baroque-arch.pdf — Renaissance against Baroque, side by side. What Baroque did to the classical language it inherited, and why.
- Iron and Glass — https://learnposters.com/p/iron-and-glass — https://learnposters.com/pdf/iron-and-glass.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What engineers built in the nineteenth century while architects argued about style.
- Modernism — https://learnposters.com/p/modernism-arch — https://learnposters.com/pdf/modernism-arch.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Modernism's core claims, and the buildings that stated each one.
- The Chicago Frame — https://learnposters.com/p/chicago-frame — https://learnposters.com/pdf/chicago-frame.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How the steel frame and the elevator produced the tall building.
- The Five Points — https://learnposters.com/p/corbusier-five-points — https://learnposters.com/pdf/corbusier-five-points.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Le Corbusier, 1927: what reinforced concrete makes possible.
- The International Style — https://learnposters.com/p/international-style — https://learnposters.com/pdf/international-style.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. A term invented by curators in 1932, and the three rules they said it followed.
- Brutalism — https://learnposters.com/p/brutalism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/brutalism.pdf — The original claim against Popular use today, side by side. What the word meant, what it argued for, and what it means now.
- Postmodernism — https://learnposters.com/p/postmodern-arch — https://learnposters.com/pdf/postmodern-arch.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The case against modernism made from inside architecture, and what it proposed.
- Deconstructivism — https://learnposters.com/p/deconstructivism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/deconstructivism.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. A 1988 exhibition label for work that broke the box, and what it was reacting to.
- Critical Regionalism — https://learnposters.com/p/critical-regionalism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/critical-regionalism.pdf — It rejects against It asks for, side by side. A position that refuses both placeless modernism and nostalgic pastiche.
- Buildings to Know — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-canon-buildings — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-canon-buildings.pdf — A 8-row table: Building · Architect · Date. Ten buildings a studio conversation assumes you can already picture.
- What Each Movement Opposed — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-manifestos — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-manifestos.pdf — A 8-row table: Movement · Argued against. Every movement in the syllabus, stated as what it was arguing against.

#### Structure — Load paths, spans and systems for architects.

- Following the Load — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-load-paths — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-load-paths.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How every load finds its way to the ground, and where architects break the chain.
- Choosing a Span System — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-span-systems — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-span-systems.pdf — A 7-row table: System · Typical span. Which structural system suits which span, as a first move in early design.
- Span-to-Depth Rules — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-span-depth — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-span-depth.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The rule-of-thumb depths that let you draw a section before an engineer sizes it.
- The Column Grid — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-structural-grid — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-structural-grid.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Why the grid is set early, and the dimensions that other things quietly force on it.
- Compression and Tension — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-compression-tension — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-compression-tension.pdf — A 7-row table: Material · Compression · Tension. Which materials take which force, and the shapes that follow from it.
- How a Beam Works — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-beam-behaviour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-beam-behaviour.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What happens inside a beam under load, in the terms you need at the section stage.
- Arches, Vaults and Domes — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-arches-vaults — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-arches-vaults.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How curved masonry stands up, and what it does to the walls.
- Trusses — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-trusses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-trusses.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Why triangles span further than beams, and the patterns to recognise.
- Lateral Stability — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-lateral-stability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-lateral-stability.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Why a building needs to resist sideways load, and the three ways it usually does.
- Cantilevers — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-cantilevers — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-cantilevers.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What a cantilever costs, in depth, in backspan and in the detailing behind it.
- Long Span Structures — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-long-span — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-long-span.pdf — A 6-row table: System · Span · Demands. The systems that cross a hall or a stadium, and what each demands.
- Tall Building Structure — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-tall-buildings — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-tall-buildings.pdf — A 6-row table: System · Storeys. Which system suits which height, and why slenderness beats height.
- Choosing a Foundation — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-foundation-choice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-foundation-choice.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Suits. Which foundation suits which ground and load, at an architect's level.
- Structural Materials Compared — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-structural-materials — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-structural-materials.pdf — A 4-row table: Material · Strength · Weakness. Concrete, steel, timber and masonry, on the points that drive a scheme choice.

#### Environmental design — Light, heat, ventilation and orientation.

- Sun Path — https://learnposters.com/p/solar-geometry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/solar-geometry.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Where the sun is, at your latitude, on the days that matter for design.
- Orientation — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-orientation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-orientation.pdf — A 4-row table: Facade · Gets · Design note. What each facade gets from the sun, and which one causes the trouble.
- Daylight — https://learnposters.com/p/daylight-factor — https://learnposters.com/pdf/daylight-factor.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How daylight is measured, the old rule of thumb, and the standard that replaced it.
- Shading Devices — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-shading — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-shading.pdf — A 6-row table: Device · Best on · Blocks. Which shading device suits which facade, and why sun angle decides.
- Thermal Mass — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-thermal-mass — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-thermal-mass.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What heavy construction does to indoor temperature, and what it needs to work.
- U-values — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-u-values — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-u-values.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. What a U-value measures, how R-value relates, and the numbers to know.
- Thermal Bridges — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-thermal-bridging — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-thermal-bridging.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Where the insulation line breaks, what it costs, and how to find the breaks on a drawing.
- Natural Ventilation — https://learnposters.com/p/natural-ventilation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/natural-ventilation.pdf — A 4-row table: Strategy · Depth · Driver. Three strategies, the plan depth each supports, and what defeats them.
- Overheating — https://learnposters.com/p/overheating-risk — https://learnposters.com/pdf/overheating-risk.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Why well insulated buildings overheat, and the order to fix it in.
- Passive Solar — https://learnposters.com/p/passive-solar — https://learnposters.com/pdf/passive-solar.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Collecting winter sun without inheriting a summer problem, in five moves.
- Airtightness — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-airtightness — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-airtightness.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why the air barrier matters as much as the insulation, and how it is tested.
- Embodied Carbon — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-embodied-carbon — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-embodied-carbon.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The carbon spent before a building is occupied, and where most of it sits.
- Passivhaus — https://learnposters.com/p/passivhaus — https://learnposters.com/pdf/passivhaus.pdf — A 6-row table: Criterion · Requirement. A performance standard rather than a style, and the numbers it is defined by.
- Climate and Vernacular — https://learnposters.com/p/climate-vernacular — https://learnposters.com/pdf/climate-vernacular.pdf — A 4-row table: Climate · Response. What buildings did about climate before mechanical systems existed.

#### Construction technology — Assemblies, envelopes and detailing.

- The Envelope — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-building-envelope — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-building-envelope.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The five jobs an external wall has to do at once, and the layer that does each.
- Wall Build-ups — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-wall-buildups — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-wall-buildups.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Build-up. The common external wall types, read from outside in, and their uses.
- The Cavity Wall — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-cavity-wall — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-cavity-wall.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Why the cavity exists, and what makes it work at every junction.
- Roof Construction — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-roof-construction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-roof-construction.pdf — Warm roof against Cold roof, side by side. Warm roof against cold roof, and why the choice changes where the vents go.
- Window Junctions — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-window-junctions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-window-junctions.pdf — A 5-row table: Junction · Risk · Fix. The three junctions around every opening, and what has to be continuous at each.
- Cladding Systems — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-cladding — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-cladding.pdf — A 4-row table: Strategy · How it works. How the main cladding families differ in how they keep water out.
- Keeping Water Out — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-waterproofing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-waterproofing.pdf — A 5-row table: Force · Defence. The four forces that move water into a building, and the defence against each.
- Vapour and Condensation — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-vapour-control — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-vapour-control.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why moisture moves through a wall, and the rule that keeps it from condensing inside.
- Floor Construction — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-floor-construction — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-floor-construction.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Span · Note. The main floor types, and what each one gives you in span, weight and acoustics.
- Movement Joints — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-movement-joints — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-movement-joints.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. Why buildings need to move, and roughly how often the joint has to appear.
- Stair Geometry — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-stair-geometry — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-stair-geometry.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The rule that makes a stair comfortable, and the dimensions to use.
- Fire Strategy — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-fire-strategy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-fire-strategy.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The five questions a fire strategy answers, in a design team's words.
- Tolerance and Fit — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-tolerance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-tolerance.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Nothing is built to the dimension you drew; the joint absorbs the rest.
- Off-site Construction — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-prefabrication — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-prefabrication.pdf — Gains against Costs, side by side. What moving work into a factory buys, and what it takes away.

#### Urban design — Streets, blocks, density and public space.

- The Figure Ground Plan — https://learnposters.com/p/urban-figure-ground — https://learnposters.com/pdf/urban-figure-ground.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The drawing that shows a city as solid and void, and what it makes visible.
- Streets and Blocks — https://learnposters.com/p/street-and-block — https://learnposters.com/pdf/street-and-block.pdf — A 4-row table: City · Block · Effect. The block is the unit a city is made of, and its size decides how the place works.
- Density — https://learnposters.com/p/urban-density — https://learnposters.com/pdf/urban-density.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The three ways density is measured, and why height is a poor proxy.
- Housing Typologies — https://learnposters.com/p/housing-typologies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/housing-typologies.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · Storeys · Density. The recurring housing types, and roughly what density each one delivers.
- The Street Section — https://learnposters.com/p/street-section — https://learnposters.com/pdf/street-section.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The ratio of height to width, and why it decides how a street feels.
- Active Frontage — https://learnposters.com/p/active-frontage — https://learnposters.com/pdf/active-frontage.pdf — Active against Dead, side by side. What makes a ground floor contribute to the street, and how it is graded.
- Jane Jacobs — https://learnposters.com/p/jane-jacobs — https://learnposters.com/pdf/jane-jacobs.pdf — 8 entries in 2 groups. Her four conditions for a lively district, and what she argued against.
- Garden City — https://learnposters.com/p/garden-city — https://learnposters.com/pdf/garden-city.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Ebenezer Howard's diagram, what it actually proposed, and how it was misread.
- New Urbanism — https://learnposters.com/p/new-urbanism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/new-urbanism.pdf — It proposes against It is criticised for, side by side. A 1980s return to traditional town form, and the criticism it draws.
- Transit-Oriented Development — https://learnposters.com/p/transit-oriented-development — https://learnposters.com/pdf/transit-oriented-development.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Building density where people can reach a train, and the walking distance that defines it.
- Walkability — https://learnposters.com/p/walkability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/walkability.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What makes people choose to walk, in the order the evidence supports.
- Types of Public Space — https://learnposters.com/p/public-space-types — https://learnposters.com/pdf/public-space-types.pdf — A 6-row table: Type · Good for. The main kinds of public space, and what each is actually good at.
- Urban Grain — https://learnposters.com/p/urban-grain — https://learnposters.com/pdf/urban-grain.pdf — Fine grain against Coarse grain, side by side. Plot width and building size, and why fine grain outlives coarse grain.
- Masterplanning — https://learnposters.com/p/masterplanning — https://learnposters.com/pdf/masterplanning.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The order in which the parts of a masterplan should be decided.

#### Representation — Drawing conventions, models and scale.

- Plan, Section, Elevation — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-plan-section-elevation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-plan-section-elevation.pdf — A 5-row table: Drawing · Cut · Shows. The three orthographic drawings, what each cuts, and what each is for.
- Scale — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-drawing-scales — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-drawing-scales.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Which scale to draw at, what each is for, and how to read one.
- Line Weights — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-line-weights — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-line-weights.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The hierarchy that makes a drawing readable, and the order it goes in.
- Poche — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-poche — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-poche.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The filled cut in a plan or section, and what it tells a reader about a building.
- Axonometric — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-axonometric — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-axonometric.pdf — Axonometric against Perspective, side by side. The parallel projections, how they differ, and what each is good for.
- Perspective — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-perspective — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-perspective.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. The parts of a perspective construction, and the choices that decide what it argues.
- Drawing Conventions — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-drawing-conventions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-drawing-conventions.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The marks every architectural drawing carries, and what each promises.
- Hatching and Materials — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-hatching — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-hatching.pdf — A 6-row table: Material · Usual indication. How materials are shown in section, and why it changes with scale.
- The Site Plan — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-site-plan — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-site-plan.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What a site plan must show for someone who has never visited the site.
- Physical Models — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-model-making — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-model-making.pdf — A 5-row table: Model · Scale · Answers. Which model to build at which stage, and the scale that suits each question.
- The Drawing Set — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-drawing-set — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-drawing-set.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How a construction drawing set is ordered, from building to junction.
- Annotation and Dimensions — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-annotation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-annotation.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. How to dimension a drawing so that someone can set it out on site.
- Collage and Atmosphere — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-collage — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-collage.pdf — 9 entries in 2 groups. What an atmospheric image is arguing, and the questions to ask of your own.
- CAD, BIM and the Model — https://learnposters.com/p/arch-bim — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arch-bim.pdf — CAD against BIM, side by side. Drawing lines versus building a model, and what changes as a result.

### Criminal Justice (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/criminal-justice — The system, the theories and the evidence about what works.

#### Criminological theory — Why crime happens, according to whom.

- What Criminology Studies — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-what-criminology-studies — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-what-criminology-studies.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The object of the field: crime, criminalisation and the response to both.
- Counting Crime — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-measuring-crime — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-measuring-crime.pdf — Police recorded crime against Victimisation surveys, side by side. The two main sources of crime figures, and what each cannot see.
- The Dark Figure — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-dark-figure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-dark-figure.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Crime that never reaches the statistics, and the filters that remove it.
- The Classical School — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-classical-criminology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-classical-criminology.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Beccaria and Bentham: offending as choice, punishment as calculation.
- Positivist Criminology — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-positivist-criminology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-positivist-criminology.pdf — A 4-row table: Strand · Central claim · Main problem. The turn from choice to causes, and the trouble each strand ran into.
- Strain and Anomie — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-strain-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-strain-theory.pdf — A 5-row table: Adaptation · Goals · Means. Merton on what happens when valued goals outrun legitimate means.
- Learning to Offend — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-social-learning-crime — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-social-learning-crime.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Sutherland and Akers: offending is learned, like any other behaviour.
- Control Theories — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-control-theories — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-control-theories.pdf — Social bond theory against Self-control theory, side by side. Two theories that ask why most people conform rather than why some offend.
- Labelling and Reaction — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-labelling-theory — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-labelling-theory.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How the reaction to an act can shape what the person does next.
- Critical Criminology — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-critical-criminology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-critical-criminology.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The traditions that ask who defines crime, and in whose interest.
- Routine Activity Theory — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-routine-activity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-routine-activity.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Crime as an event needing three things in one place at one time.
- The Age-Crime Curve — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-life-course-crime — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-life-course-crime.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Offending rises in adolescence, peaks in the late teens, then falls away.
- Crime Concentrates — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-crime-concentration — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-crime-concentration.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Crime clusters in a few places, victims and offenders.
- The Crime Drop — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-crime-drop — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-crime-drop.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Recorded crime fell across many countries from the 1990s, and why is contested.
- Crimes of the Powerful — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-crimes-of-the-powerful — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-crimes-of-the-powerful.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Example area · Why under-counted. Offending by organisations and officials, and why it is counted so poorly.

#### Policing — Models, powers, discretion and accountability.

- What Police Actually Do — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-police-role — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-police-role.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The real demand profile, which looks little like the crime-fighting image.
- Models of Policing — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-policing-models — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-policing-models.pdf — A 5-row table: Model · Focus · Known limit. Five organising models, what each optimises for, and where each is weak.
- Policing by Consent — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-policing-by-consent — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-policing-by-consent.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The principle that police authority rests on approval, not force.
- Police Discretion — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-police-discretion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-police-discretion.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Why officers must choose what to notice, and what shapes that choice.
- Stop and Search — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-stop-and-search — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-stop-and-search.pdf — What is claimed against What research finds, side by side. A high-volume power, and the gap between what is claimed and what is found.
- Hot Spot Policing — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-hot-spots-policing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-hot-spots-policing.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Concentrating patrol on the small number of places where crime clusters.
- The SARA Model — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-problem-oriented-policing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-problem-oriented-policing.pdf — 4 numbered steps. Goldstein's method: treat repeated incidents as one problem.
- The Broken Windows Debate — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-broken-windows — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-broken-windows.pdf — The thesis against The critique, side by side. The disorder thesis, the enforcement strategy built on it, and the critique.
- Police Accountability — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-police-accountability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-police-accountability.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The mechanisms that check policing, and the weakness built into each one.
- Use of Force — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-use-of-force — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-use-of-force.pdf — A 5-row table: Level · Typical form · Governing question. The escalation frameworks used in training, and the questions each level poses.
- Procedural Justice — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-procedural-justice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-procedural-justice.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why how an encounter is conducted predicts compliance better than its outcome.
- Investigative Interviewing — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-investigative-interviewing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-investigative-interviewing.pdf — Information-gathering against Accusatorial, side by side. Two interviewing traditions with very different false-confession risks.
- Algorithms in Policing — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-predictive-policing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-predictive-policing.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Forecasting tools for places and people, and the failure modes they share.
- Body-Worn Cameras — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-body-worn-cameras — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-body-worn-cameras.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Adopted fast, evaluated unevenly, and still giving mixed results.

#### Courts & process — From charge to sentence.

- The Case Funnel — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-case-funnel — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-case-funnel.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Why most offences never reach a courtroom, and where cases drop out.
- Who Does What in Court — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-court-actors — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-court-actors.pdf — A 6-row table: Role · Responsible for. The roles in a criminal courtroom and what each one is responsible for.
- The Charging Decision — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-charging-decisions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-charging-decisions.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The tests applied before a case is ever put before a court.
- Bail and Remand — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-bail-and-remand — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-bail-and-remand.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Release before trial, and what research finds about detaining instead.
- Plea and Charge Bargaining — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-plea-bargaining — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-plea-bargaining.pdf — The efficiency case against The innocence problem, side by side. Why most systems resolve most cases by plea, and what that costs.
- What We Know About Juries — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-jury-research — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-jury-research.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The findings that survive the fact that real deliberations are rarely observable.
- Two Trial Traditions — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-adversarial-vs-inquisitorial — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-adversarial-vs-inquisitorial.pdf — Adversarial against Inquisitorial, side by side. Party-led and court-led procedure, and how far each survives in practice.
- Delay and Backlog — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-court-delay — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-court-delay.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. What waiting does to a criminal case, and why delay is a justice problem.
- Sentencing Disparity — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-sentencing-disparity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-sentencing-disparity.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Why similar cases draw different sentences, and what narrows the gap.
- Problem-Solving Courts — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-problem-solving-courts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-problem-solving-courts.pdf — A 5-row table: Type · Approach · Evidence. Courts that supervise treatment and compliance, not just sentence.
- Youth Justice — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-youth-justice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-youth-justice.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. A separate system, built on the fact that most young people stop.
- Appeals and Innocence Claims — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-appeals-and-innocence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-appeals-and-innocence.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How a conviction is challenged after trial, and why late claims are hard.
- Representation and Outcome — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-legal-representation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-legal-representation.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Representation, and its quality, is linked to how a case ends.
- Open Justice — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-open-justice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-open-justice.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Why criminal proceedings are public, and the recognised exceptions.

#### Corrections — Prisons, probation and reoffending.

- Purposes of Punishment — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-purposes-of-punishment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-purposes-of-punishment.pdf — A 5-row table: Aim · Mechanism · Evidence. The five stated aims of a sentence, and how far evidence supports each.
- Who Is in Prison — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-prison-population — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-prison-population.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The composition of a prison population, and what actually drives its size.
- Inside a Prison Regime — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-prison-regimes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-prison-regimes.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What a prison organises beyond holding people, and what disrupts it.
- The Pains of Imprisonment — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-pains-of-imprisonment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-pains-of-imprisonment.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Sykes's account of what custody removes beyond liberty itself.
- Community Supervision — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-probation-supervision — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-probation-supervision.pdf — 5 numbered steps. What supervision in the community consists of, stage by stage.
- Release and Parole — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-parole-and-release — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-parole-and-release.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How release from custody is decided, and why so many people return.
- Measuring Reoffending — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-measuring-reoffending — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-measuring-reoffending.pdf — A 5-row table: Measure · Captures · Limitation. Why two recidivism rates are usually not comparable at all.
- Risk-Need-Responsivity — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-rnr-model — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-rnr-model.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The three principles with the strongest evidence in rehabilitation research.
- Programmes in Custody — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-prison-programmes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-prison-programmes.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Which custodial interventions have evidence behind them, and which do harm.
- Release and Resettlement — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-resettlement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-resettlement.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The transition out of custody, when risk of harm and of reoffending both peak.
- Restorative Approaches — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-restorative-justice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-restorative-justice.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. A facilitated dialogue about harm and repair, and the evidence for it.
- Short Custody or Community — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-community-sentences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-community-sentences.pdf — Short custody against Community order, side by side. Short prison terms against community orders for similar cases.
- Desistance — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-desistance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-desistance.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. How people actually stop offending, which is not the same as being deterred.
- Electronic Monitoring — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-electronic-monitoring — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-electronic-monitoring.pdf — As an alternative against As an addition, side by side. Tagging as a substitute for custody, and tagging as an extra condition.

#### Forensic science — Evidence types, handling and limits.

- What Forensic Science Is — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-forensic-science-scope — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-forensic-science-scope.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Science applied to questions a court has to decide, and the limits of that.
- Locard's Exchange Principle — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-locard-principle — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-locard-principle.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Every contact leaves a trace, and why that does not work in reverse.
- Crime Scene Management — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-crime-scene-management — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-crime-scene-management.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The sequence that protects a scene from the first moment of arrival.
- Chain of Custody — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-chain-of-custody — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-chain-of-custody.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The continuity record: who held an item, when, and in what condition.
- DNA Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-dna-evidence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-dna-evidence.pdf — What DNA can support against What DNA cannot show, side by side. What DNA analysis is strong at, and what it cannot answer.
- DNA Databases — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-dna-databases — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-dna-databases.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. How national profile databases are used, and the questions they raise.
- Fingerprint Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-fingerprint-evidence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-fingerprint-evidence.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Friction ridge comparison, the ACE-V method, and its real error sources.
- Pattern Evidence Under Review — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-pattern-evidence-validity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-pattern-evidence-validity.pdf — A 6-row table: Discipline · Reviewed as · Note. How scientific review bodies have rated the main comparison disciplines.
- How Forensic Evidence Fails — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-forensic-error-sources — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-forensic-error-sources.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. The patterned ways forensic conclusions fail, and what reduces them.
- Trace and Transfer Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-trace-evidence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-trace-evidence.pdf — A 5-row table: Evidence · What it can show · Caution. Fibres, glass, paint and residues: mostly class evidence, and why that matters.
- Digital Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-digital-forensics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-digital-forensics.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How devices and accounts are imaged, verified and examined without altering them.
- Forensic Toxicology — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-forensic-toxicology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-forensic-toxicology.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. What a positive result establishes, and the leap to behaviour.
- Forensic Pathology — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-forensic-pathology — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-forensic-pathology.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What a post-mortem examination can establish, and where it stays uncertain.
- Expert Evidence and Numbers — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-expert-evidence-statistics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-expert-evidence-statistics.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The prosecutor's fallacy: a match probability is not a guilt probability.
- Identification Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-eyewitness-identification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-eyewitness-identification.pdf — What degrades accuracy against What improves procedure, side by side. Why identification is fragile, and which procedures protect it.

#### Victimology — Victims, harm and support.

- What Victimology Studies — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-victimology-scope — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-victimology-scope.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Who is harmed by crime, what follows from it, and how systems respond.
- Victimisation Surveys — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-victimisation-surveys — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-victimisation-surveys.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. What population surveys about crime experience capture, and what they cannot.
- Who Is Most at Risk — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-victimisation-risk — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-victimisation-risk.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The measured pattern of victimisation risk, which often contradicts assumptions.
- Repeat Victimisation — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-repeat-victimisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-repeat-victimisation.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Why a recent victim is the highest-risk person to protect next.
- The Ideal Victim — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-ideal-victim — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-ideal-victim.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Christie on which victims are readily recognised, and which are not.
- Victim Blaming — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-victim-blaming — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-victim-blaming.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. The tendency to attribute responsibility for harm to the person harmed.
- Why Victims Do Not Report — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-reporting-decisions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-reporting-decisions.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Reporting as a decision made under constraint, not a default.
- Secondary Victimisation — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-secondary-victimisation — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-secondary-victimisation.pdf — What compounds harm against What reduces it, side by side. Harm caused by the response to a crime rather than by the crime itself.
- Victims' Entitlements — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-victim-rights — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-victim-rights.pdf — A 6-row table: Entitlement · What it means in practice. The entitlements victim codes set out, and what each means.
- Victim Personal Statements — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-victim-personal-statements — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-victim-personal-statements.pdf — The case for against The concerns, side by side. The case for giving victims a voice at sentence, and the evidence on effects.
- Trauma-Informed Process — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-trauma-informed-practice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-trauma-informed-practice.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Adjusting process so the system does less avoidable harm.
- Domestic Abuse Response — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-domestic-abuse-response — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-domestic-abuse-response.pdf — A 6-row table: Response · Intent · Evidence. The main system responses, and how well each is actually supported.
- Hate Crime — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-hate-crime — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-hate-crime.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Offences aggravated by hostility, and why the figures are hard to read.
- Fear of Crime — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-fear-of-crime — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-fear-of-crime.pdf — What fear tracks against What it does not track, side by side. What worry about crime actually tracks, which is not the local crime rate.

#### Policy & evidence — What the research says about what works.

- Evidence Standards — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-evidence-standards — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-evidence-standards.pdf — A 5-row table: Design · What it controls for · Confidence. Why the design of a study decides how much weight its finding can carry.
- Checking What Works — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-what-works-sources — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-what-works-sources.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Where to verify a criminal justice claim, and how to read what you find.
- Certainty Beats Severity — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-deterrence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-deterrence.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. The most replicated finding in deterrence research, and what follows.
- Programmes That Backfire — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-programmes-that-backfire — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-programmes-that-backfire.pdf — A 5-row table: Programme · Intended effect · Found effect. Popular interventions that, once tested, did nothing or did harm.
- Does Prison Reduce Crime? — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-prison-and-crime-rates — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-prison-and-crime-rates.pdf — The incapacitation case against What limits the effect, side by side. The incapacitation effect, and why its returns fall as imprisonment expands.
- Situational Crime Prevention — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-situational-prevention — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-situational-prevention.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. Changing the opportunity rather than the offender, and the displacement question.
- Early Intervention — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-early-intervention — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-early-intervention.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. Acting on developmental risk before any offence, and what it buys.
- Drug Policy and Evidence — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-drug-policy-evidence — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-drug-policy-evidence.pdf — A 5-row table: Approach · Aim · Evidence. Four broad approaches to drugs, and how well each is actually supported.
- Actuarial Risk Assessment — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-risk-assessment-tools — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-risk-assessment-tools.pdf — A definition and 5 facts worth remembering. What structured risk tools can do, and the limits no tool can engineer away.
- Cost-Benefit in Justice Policy — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-cost-benefit-cj — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-cost-benefit-cj.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How an intervention is costed against the harm it is claimed to prevent.
- Implementation and Fidelity — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-implementation-fidelity — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-implementation-fidelity.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Why a programme that worked in a trial often does nothing when rolled out.
- Measuring Disproportionality — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-disproportionality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-disproportionality.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. How unequal treatment is measured, and why every measure is argued over.
- Penal Populism — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-penal-populism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-penal-populism.pdf — Penal populism against Evidence-led policy, side by side. Policy driven by anticipated public reaction, and what surveys actually find.
- Net-Widening — https://learnposters.com/p/cj-net-widening — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cj-net-widening.pdf — 10 entries in 2 groups. How a reform meant to divert people out can pull more people in.

### Art & Design (100 posters)

Hub: https://learnposters.com/s/art-design — The principles behind making things that look considered.

#### Drawing — Observation, construction, perspective and value.

- Sight-Size Method — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-sight-size — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-sight-size.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Measuring a subject at its apparent size, using a plumb line and a held pencil.
- Blocking In — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-block-in — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-block-in.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The straight-line envelope that settles proportion before any curve.
- Negative Space — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-negative-space — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-negative-space.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Drawing the gaps around a subject instead of the subject itself.
- Gesture & Contour — https://learnposters.com/p/gesture-vs-contour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/gesture-vs-contour.pdf — Gesture against Contour, side by side. Two ways of putting a line down, and what each of them is actually for.
- Perspective Basics — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-perspective-basics — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-perspective-basics.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Horizon, vanishing points and the cone of vision, in the order they matter.
- Two-Point Perspective — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-two-point-perspective — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-two-point-perspective.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Constructing a box seen at an angle, from two vanishing points on the horizon.
- Three-Point Perspective — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-three-point-perspective — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-three-point-perspective.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The third vanishing point, and why verticals start to converge.
- Ellipses — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-ellipses — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-ellipses.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Drawing a circle in perspective without the pointed ends that give it away.
- Foreshortening — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-foreshortening — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-foreshortening.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. A form pointing towards you compresses in length but keeps its full width.
- The Value Scale — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-value-scale — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-value-scale.pdf — A 7-row table: Step · Where it belongs. Nine steps from white to black, and where each one belongs on a lit form.
- Light on Form — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-light-on-form — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-light-on-form.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. The six things one light does to one solid, in the order you meet them.
- Cast Shadows — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-cast-shadows — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-cast-shadows.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Constructing where a shadow falls, from the light source and the object.
- Edge Quality — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-edge-quality — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-edge-quality.pdf — A 4-row table: Edge · Reads as. Four kinds of edge, and what each one tells the eye about depth and focus.
- Figure Proportions — https://learnposters.com/p/figure-proportions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/figure-proportions.pdf — A 7-row table: Landmark · Heads from the top. The head-unit canon, and the warning that has to come with any canon.
- Drawing Media — https://learnposters.com/p/drawing-media — https://learnposters.com/pdf/drawing-media.pdf — A 7-row table: Medium · Strength · Paper. What each drawing material does, and the paper surface it needs to do it.

#### Colour & composition — Harmony, contrast, balance and hierarchy.

- Hue, Value, Chroma — https://learnposters.com/p/hue-value-chroma — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hue-value-chroma.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The three independent dimensions of colour, and which does most work.
- Colour Schemes — https://learnposters.com/p/colour-harmony-schemes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/colour-harmony-schemes.pdf — A 6-row table: Scheme · Positions · Effect. The standard wheel relationships, and what each one actually buys you.
- Additive & Subtractive — https://learnposters.com/p/additive-subtractive-colour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/additive-subtractive-colour.pdf — Additive - light against Subtractive - pigment, side by side. Mixing light and mixing pigment: different rules, different primaries.
- Simultaneous Contrast — https://learnposters.com/p/simultaneous-contrast — https://learnposters.com/pdf/simultaneous-contrast.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. A colour changes appearance according to what surrounds it.
- Warm & Cool — https://learnposters.com/p/colour-temperature — https://learnposters.com/pdf/colour-temperature.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Warm and cool are relative judgements, not fixed properties of a hue.
- Mixing Greys — https://learnposters.com/p/mixing-neutrals — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mixing-neutrals.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. Making a neutral from complements instead of reaching for a tube of black.
- The Limited Palette — https://learnposters.com/p/limited-palette — https://learnposters.com/pdf/limited-palette.pdf — 17 entries in 4 groups. Fewer colours, mixed by you, give more harmony than a full box of tubes.
- Colour Contrast — https://learnposters.com/p/accessible-colour-contrast — https://learnposters.com/pdf/accessible-colour-contrast.pdf — A 5-row table: Case · Minimum · Enhanced. The contrast ratios that keep text legible, and the readers they exist for.
- The Rule of Thirds — https://learnposters.com/p/rule-of-thirds — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rule-of-thirds.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. A useful default for placing a subject, and an honest account of its limits.
- Focal Hierarchy — https://learnposters.com/p/focal-hierarchy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/focal-hierarchy.pdf — 17 entries in 4 groups. The devices that decide what a viewer looks at first, second and last.
- Figure & Ground — https://learnposters.com/p/figure-ground — https://learnposters.com/pdf/figure-ground.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Which shape the eye takes as the subject, and how to control that choice.
- Balance — https://learnposters.com/p/visual-balance — https://learnposters.com/pdf/visual-balance.pdf — Symmetrical against Asymmetrical, side by side. Symmetrical and asymmetrical balance, and the weights each handles.
- Scale & Proportion — https://learnposters.com/p/art-scale-and-proportion — https://learnposters.com/pdf/art-scale-and-proportion.pdf — A 6-row table: System · Ratio · Property. The proportional systems designers use, and what each is good for.
- Notan — https://learnposters.com/p/notan — https://learnposters.com/pdf/notan.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The two- or three-value pattern under a picture, judged before any detail.

#### Typography — Anatomy, spacing, pairing and setting.

- Type Anatomy — https://learnposters.com/p/type-anatomy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/type-anatomy.pdf — 17 entries in 4 groups. The names for the parts of a letterform, and the lines they are built on.
- Type Classification — https://learnposters.com/p/typeface-classification — https://learnposters.com/pdf/typeface-classification.pdf — A 7-row table: Class · Period · How to spot it. The historical categories, their dates, and how to recognise each one by eye.
- Kerning, Tracking, Leading — https://learnposters.com/p/kerning-tracking-leading — https://learnposters.com/pdf/kerning-tracking-leading.pdf — A 4-row table: Term · Adjusts · Use it to. Three different spaces, three different controls, three different jobs.
- Measure — https://learnposters.com/p/typographic-measure — https://learnposters.com/pdf/typographic-measure.pdf — The rule, 3 worked examples, and the mistake everyone makes. How long a line of text should be, and what goes wrong either side of that.
- The Type Scale — https://learnposters.com/p/typographic-scale — https://learnposters.com/pdf/typographic-scale.pdf — A 6-row table: Ratio · Name · Steps from 16. Sizing type by ratio, so a hierarchy holds across a whole document.
- The Baseline Grid — https://learnposters.com/p/baseline-grid — https://learnposters.com/pdf/baseline-grid.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Locking every line of text to one rhythm across columns, pages and spreads.
- Typographic Hierarchy — https://learnposters.com/p/type-hierarchy — https://learnposters.com/pdf/type-hierarchy.pdf — 15 entries in 4 groups. The signals that rank text, and the rule about using as few as possible.
- Pairing Typefaces — https://learnposters.com/p/pairing-typefaces — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pairing-typefaces.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Choosing two faces that work together, and the reason most pairings fail.
- Justified & Ragged — https://learnposters.com/p/justified-vs-ragged — https://learnposters.com/pdf/justified-vs-ragged.pdf — Justified against Ragged right, side by side. Setting text flush on both sides or ragged right, and what each one costs.
- Widows & Orphans — https://learnposters.com/p/widows-and-orphans — https://learnposters.com/pdf/widows-and-orphans.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The two bad line breaks, how to tell them apart, and how to fix them.
- Optical Alignment — https://learnposters.com/p/optical-alignment — https://learnposters.com/pdf/optical-alignment.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Why measured alignment looks wrong, and the adjustments that correct it.
- Figures & Small Caps — https://learnposters.com/p/figures-and-small-caps — https://learnposters.com/pdf/figures-and-small-caps.pdf — A 6-row table: Variant · Use it for. The number and capital variants a professional face carries, and where each belongs.
- Dashes & Quotes — https://learnposters.com/p/dashes-and-quotes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/dashes-and-quotes.pdf — A 6-row table: Mark · Its job. The marks a keyboard hides, and the substitutes it hands you by mistake.
- Legibility & Readability — https://learnposters.com/p/legibility-and-readability — https://learnposters.com/pdf/legibility-and-readability.pdf — Legibility - the face against Readability - the setting, side by side. Two questions: can the letter be told apart, is the text easy to read?

#### Art history — Movements, and what each was arguing against.

- Impressionism — https://learnposters.com/p/impressionism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/impressionism.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What the Impressionists were painting against, and what followed.
- Post-Impressionism — https://learnposters.com/p/post-impressionism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/post-impressionism.pdf — 16 entries in 4 groups. Four painters who took Impressionist colour and put structure back into it.
- Arts & Crafts — https://learnposters.com/p/arts-and-crafts-movement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/arts-and-crafts-movement.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The revolt against industrial production, and the contradiction inside it.
- Cubism — https://learnposters.com/p/cubism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/cubism.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The break with single-viewpoint perspective, and its two phases.
- Constructivism — https://learnposters.com/p/constructivism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/constructivism.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Art remade as construction for a new society, and its design language.
- Bauhaus — https://learnposters.com/p/bauhaus — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bauhaus.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Fourteen years, three cities, and a teaching model still in use.
- Surrealism — https://learnposters.com/p/surrealism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/surrealism.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The unconscious as subject matter, and the methods invented for it.
- Abstract Expressionism — https://learnposters.com/p/abstract-expressionism — https://learnposters.com/pdf/abstract-expressionism.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. New York in the 1940s and 50s, and the two very different halves of it.
- Pop Art — https://learnposters.com/p/pop-art — https://learnposters.com/pdf/pop-art.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Mass culture taken as subject matter, and what it was arguing against.
- Minimalism — https://learnposters.com/p/minimalism-art — https://learnposters.com/pdf/minimalism-art.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Work that refuses composition and metaphor, and the argument it drew.
- Swiss Style — https://learnposters.com/p/swiss-style — https://learnposters.com/pdf/swiss-style.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The International Typographic Style: grid, sans-serif, objectivity.
- Postmodern Design — https://learnposters.com/p/postmodern-design — https://learnposters.com/pdf/postmodern-design.pdf — The modernist claim against The postmodern reply, side by side. The revolt against the grid, its dates, and what it was actually arguing.
- Ukiyo-e — https://learnposters.com/p/ukiyo-e — https://learnposters.com/pdf/ukiyo-e.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Japanese woodblock printing, and what European painting borrowed.
- Islamic Geometric Design — https://learnposters.com/p/islamic-geometric-art — https://learnposters.com/pdf/islamic-geometric-art.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. A geometric tradition built from compass and straightedge, with rules of its own.
- West African Art — https://learnposters.com/p/west-african-art-traditions — https://learnposters.com/pdf/west-african-art-traditions.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Court sculpture, casting and symbols, and how Europe misread them.

#### Digital design — Tools, formats, colour spaces and output.

- RGB & CMYK — https://learnposters.com/p/rgb-vs-cmyk — https://learnposters.com/pdf/rgb-vs-cmyk.pdf — RGB against CMYK, side by side. Two colour models, two gamuts, and the conversion that quietly loses colours.
- Colour Profiles — https://learnposters.com/p/colour-profiles — https://learnposters.com/pdf/colour-profiles.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What an ICC profile does, and why a file without one is undefined.
- Raster & Vector — https://learnposters.com/p/raster-vs-vector — https://learnposters.com/pdf/raster-vs-vector.pdf — Raster against Vector, side by side. Pixels or paths: which one a job needs, and what neither of them can do.
- Resolution for Print — https://learnposters.com/p/resolution-for-print — https://learnposters.com/pdf/resolution-for-print.pdf — A 6-row table: Output · Target ppi · Viewed from. How many pixels a print needs, at the distance it will be seen from.
- Halftone & Screening — https://learnposters.com/p/halftone-and-screening — https://learnposters.com/pdf/halftone-and-screening.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How continuous tone becomes ink dots, and where 300 ppi comes from.
- Bleed & Trim — https://learnposters.com/p/bleed-and-trim — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bleed-and-trim.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The three lines on every print layout, and what happens if artwork stops at the edge.
- Image Formats — https://learnposters.com/p/image-file-formats — https://learnposters.com/pdf/image-file-formats.pdf — A 7-row table: Format · Use it for. Which format to hand over, and what each one throws away on the way.
- Compression — https://learnposters.com/p/compression-artefacts — https://learnposters.com/pdf/compression-artefacts.pdf — Lossless against Lossy, side by side. Lossy and lossless compression, and what a JPEG does to a hard edge.
- Bezier Curves — https://learnposters.com/p/bezier-curves — https://learnposters.com/pdf/bezier-curves.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. How the pen tool actually works, and the habits that produce clean paths.
- Non-Destructive Editing — https://learnposters.com/p/non-destructive-editing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/non-destructive-editing.pdf — 17 entries in 4 groups. Working so that every decision can be undone tomorrow, not only today.
- Spot Colour & Overprint — https://learnposters.com/p/spot-colour-and-overprint — https://learnposters.com/pdf/spot-colour-and-overprint.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Printing with a named ink instead of four, and the two traps that ruin it.
- Paper & Finish — https://learnposters.com/p/paper-stock-and-finish — https://learnposters.com/pdf/paper-stock-and-finish.pdf — A 7-row table: Choice · What it does. Weight, coating and grain, and how each changes the way ink sits.
- Sending Files to Print — https://learnposters.com/p/prepress-checklist — https://learnposters.com/pdf/prepress-checklist.pdf — 6 numbered steps. The checks that catch the errors a printer would otherwise catch for you.
- Fonts & Licensing — https://learnposters.com/p/font-formats-and-licences — https://learnposters.com/pdf/font-formats-and-licences.pdf — A 7-row table: Item · What it means. The formats a typeface ships in, and what the licence lets you do.

#### Form & 3D — Volume, materials and making.

- Form from Planes — https://learnposters.com/p/form-from-planes — https://learnposters.com/pdf/form-from-planes.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Building volume out of flat planes before smoothing anything into a curve.
- Modelling & Carving — https://learnposters.com/p/additive-vs-subtractive — https://learnposters.com/pdf/additive-vs-subtractive.pdf — Additive against Subtractive, side by side. Building up and cutting away are different disciplines with different risks.
- Armatures — https://learnposters.com/p/armatures-and-support — https://learnposters.com/pdf/armatures-and-support.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The internal skeleton that stops modelled work collapsing.
- Clay & Firing — https://learnposters.com/p/clay-and-firing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/clay-and-firing.pdf — A 5-row table: State · What you can do. The states clay passes through, and what can still be done in each of them.
- Moulds & Casting — https://learnposters.com/p/moulds-and-casting — https://learnposters.com/pdf/moulds-and-casting.pdf — A 6-row table: Mould · Suits · Limit. The mould types, and which one a given form and material actually demands.
- How Materials Behave — https://learnposters.com/p/material-behaviour — https://learnposters.com/pdf/material-behaviour.pdf — A 6-row table: Property · Means · Seen in. The properties that decide whether a material will do what you ask.
- Working With Wood — https://learnposters.com/p/working-with-wood — https://learnposters.com/pdf/working-with-wood.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Grain direction governs cutting, joining and how a piece moves after it is made.
- Joining & Fixing — https://learnposters.com/p/joining-and-fixing — https://learnposters.com/pdf/joining-and-fixing.pdf — A 6-row table: Method · Good at · Poor at. Mechanical, adhesive and thermal joints, and the loads each of them can carry.
- Maquettes — https://learnposters.com/p/maquettes-and-study-models — https://learnposters.com/pdf/maquettes-and-study-models.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Testing an idea small and fast before committing any material.
- Tolerance & Fit — https://learnposters.com/p/tolerance-and-fit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/tolerance-and-fit.pdf — A 6-row table: Fit · Clearance · Used for. How much slack a joint needs, and why parts that measure right still will not fit.
- Surface & Finish — https://learnposters.com/p/surface-and-finish — https://learnposters.com/pdf/surface-and-finish.pdf — 5 numbered steps. The sanding and finishing sequence that actually removes the previous scratches.
- Digital Fabrication — https://learnposters.com/p/digital-fabrication — https://learnposters.com/pdf/digital-fabrication.pdf — A 6-row table: Process · Makes · Constraint. Laser, router and 3D print: what each makes well, and what it cannot.
- Studio Safety — https://learnposters.com/p/studio-safety — https://learnposters.com/pdf/studio-safety.pdf — 17 entries in 4 groups. The hazards that really injure art students, and the control for each.
- Mass & Void — https://learnposters.com/p/mass-and-void — https://learnposters.com/pdf/mass-and-void.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. The hole as a sculptural element, and what it does to a solid form.

#### Practice & portfolio — Critique, process and presenting work.

- What a Crit Is For — https://learnposters.com/p/what-a-critique-is-for — https://learnposters.com/pdf/what-a-critique-is-for.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. What a critique is for, and the three questions it should answer.
- Giving a Crit — https://learnposters.com/p/giving-a-critique — https://learnposters.com/pdf/giving-a-critique.pdf — 5 numbered steps. How to say something useful about somebody else's work in three minutes.
- Taking a Crit — https://learnposters.com/p/receiving-critique — https://learnposters.com/pdf/receiving-critique.pdf — 15 entries in 4 groups. How to get value out of feedback without defending or collapsing under it.
- Sketchbook Practice — https://learnposters.com/p/sketchbook-practice — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sketchbook-practice.pdf — 15 entries in 4 groups. What a sketchbook is for, and what assessors are looking for in one.
- Documenting Process — https://learnposters.com/p/documenting-process — https://learnposters.com/pdf/documenting-process.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Capturing how a piece was made, while you are still making it.
- Photographing Work — https://learnposters.com/p/photographing-your-work — https://learnposters.com/pdf/photographing-your-work.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Getting a flat, true and sharp record of a piece using ordinary equipment.
- Editing a Portfolio — https://learnposters.com/p/editing-a-portfolio — https://learnposters.com/pdf/editing-a-portfolio.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Cutting a body of work down to the pieces that actually make the case.
- Sequencing Work — https://learnposters.com/p/sequencing-a-portfolio — https://learnposters.com/pdf/sequencing-a-portfolio.pdf — 13 entries in 3 groups. The order pieces are seen in, and the shape a viewer actually needs.
- Artist Statement — https://learnposters.com/p/artist-statement — https://learnposters.com/pdf/artist-statement.pdf — 5 numbered steps. A short, plain account of what you make and why, with no art-speak in it.
- The Artist CV — https://learnposters.com/p/artist-cv — https://learnposters.com/pdf/artist-cv.pdf — A 8-row table: Section · What goes in it. The conventional sections of an art CV, and the order they appear in.
- Visual Research — https://learnposters.com/p/visual-research — https://learnposters.com/pdf/visual-research.pdf — 15 entries in 4 groups. Gathering references so that they inform the work rather than replace it.
- Copyright & Credit — https://learnposters.com/p/copyright-and-credit — https://learnposters.com/pdf/copyright-and-credit.pdf — A definition and 6 facts worth remembering. Who owns an image, what you may reuse, and how to credit a source properly.
- Reading a Brief — https://learnposters.com/p/working-to-a-brief — https://learnposters.com/pdf/working-to-a-brief.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Turning a client's request into a set of constraints you can design against.
- Hanging a Show — https://learnposters.com/p/hanging-a-show — https://learnposters.com/pdf/hanging-a-show.pdf — 5 numbered steps. Getting work onto a wall so it can be seen, using the conventions people expect.